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3D Kinematic Gait Analysis for Preclinical Studies in Rodents
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Test-Retest Reliability and Validity of a Sums-of-Gaussians-Based Markerless Motion Capture System for Human

Yifei Shou1, Chuang Gao1, Chenbin Xi1

  • 1Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.

Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland)
|March 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Markerless motion capture (MocapGS) shows potential for gait analysis but has limitations. It is suitable for monitoring large sagittal plane motion changes, not for precise clinical decisions or detecting subtle gait variations.

Keywords:
concurrent validitygait analysisjoint kinematicsmarkerless motion capturereliabilityslow runningsums-of-Gaussians body modelwalking

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics and Motion Analysis
  • Clinical Biomechanics
  • Wearable Technology and Sensor Systems

Background:

  • Traditional marker-based optical motion capture is expensive, time-consuming, and lab-bound, hindering clinical and naturalistic applications.
  • Markerless motion capture using sums-of-Gaussians (SoG) offers a potential alternative but requires validation for kinematic assessment during gait.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the reliability and concurrent validity of a markerless motion capture system (MocapGS) against a marker-based Vicon system.
  • To assess the accuracy of MocapGS for bilateral lower-limb joint range of motion (ROM) during walking and slow running.

Main Methods:

  • Thirty-six healthy adults performed self-selected walking and slow running tasks.
  • Bilateral lower-limb kinematics were synchronously captured by both marker-based (Vicon) and markerless (MocapGS) systems.
  • Statistical metrics including ICC, SEM, MDC, and RMSE were used to assess reliability and validity.

Main Results:

  • MocapGS demonstrated acceptable reliability mainly for sagittal-plane hip and knee ROM.
  • No significant agreement was found between MocapGS and Vicon, with systematic biases and heterogeneous errors observed.
  • MocapGS overestimated ROM, particularly during running, with increased errors in non-sagittal planes and at distal joints.

Conclusions:

  • MocapGS is suitable for coarse monitoring of large sagittal plane kinematic changes during gait.
  • MocapGS is currently not a replacement for Vicon for clinical decision-making or detecting subtle gait alterations.
  • MocapGS outputs require cautious interpretation, especially for ankle kinematics and non-sagittal plane motion.