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Certified Private Relational Time from Entanglement.

Karl Svozil1

  • 1Institute for Theoretical Physics, TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10/136, 1040 Vienna, Austria.

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|March 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We introduce an entangled clock where time is defined by measurement outcomes on entangled particles. This quantum approach reveals a unique relational time structure, exceeding classical predictions for synchronized events.

Keywords:
Bell inequalitycoincidence ratedevice-independent certificationentanglementprivate timequantum clockrelational timesynchronization

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum Information Science
  • Foundations of Physics
  • Quantum Metrology

Background:

  • Classical timekeeping relies on local, independent clocks.
  • Quantum entanglement offers non-classical correlations with potential for novel applications.
  • Previous work explored quantum correlations but lacked operational time definitions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define time operationally using discrete measurement registrations on an entangled singlet state.
  • To investigate the relational (coincidence-tick) stream as a quantum resource.
  • To compare quantum predictions for synchronized events against classical models and explore device-independent privacy.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing a singlet state for time definition, with local tick rates fixed by unbiased marginals.
  • Operationally defining a joint tick record by exchanging time tags and outcomes, identifying synchronized events (the ++ channel).
  • Comparing the coincidence tick rate R(θ) to a local-hidden-variable model Rcl(θ)=θ/(2π) and performing Bell tests.

Main Results:

  • The quantum prediction for the coincidence tick rate exceeds the classical benchmark for obtuse analyzer separations, with a maximal relative excess of ~13.6% near θ≈140.5°.
  • Demonstrated that "faster ticking" refers to the rate of identified coincidence ticks, not local clock improvements.
  • Outlined a method for "Certified Private Time" using multiple settings and Bell tests for device-independent privacy certification.

Conclusions:

  • Entangled clocks provide a novel operational definition of time based on quantum correlations.
  • Quantum mechanics predicts a higher rate of synchronized events compared to classical models under specific conditions.
  • The framework enables device-independent certification of privacy for relational time-stamping, analogous to certified randomness.