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Related Concept Videos

Drug Toxicity: Overview01:00

Drug Toxicity: Overview

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Drug toxicity quantifies the harm a compound causes to an organism, varying by dose and potentially impacting whole systems or specific organs like the liver. Toxic reactions may arise from venomous insect or spider bites, with effects ranging from mild symptoms to severe outcomes such as brain damage or death. Common forms of acute poisoning include ethanol intoxication and overdose of pain or fever medications, with substances like GHB and heroin being particularly lethal at doses close to...
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Drug Toxicity: Risk factors01:24

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Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are potential complications that arise during pharmacotherapy, influenced by multiple risk factors. Age plays a significant role; both neonates and the elderly are at heightened risk due to their respective immature and diminished metabolic and elimination processes. Gender also impacts ADRs, with females experiencing a 1.5 to 1.7-fold greater risk than males, which may be linked to pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and hormonal differences. Notably, neonates, the...
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Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...
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Drug Regulation01:25

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Drug regulation encompasses the management of drug usage by evaluating its safety and efficacy through assessments conducted by regulatory authorities. Regrettably, the history of drug regulation is marred by several catastrophic events. One such incident is the Elixir Sulfanilamide tragedy, in which the toxic compound diethyl glycol was included in a sweet-tasting medication, leading to numerous fatalities. This event prompted the enactment of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act in 1938. Under...
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Effects of Chemicals: Overview01:27

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Drugs, encompassing various chemical compounds from natural sources, lab synthesis, or genetic engineering, elicit different biological responses in living organisms. Some of these responses are desirable or therapeutic, while others are undesirable. The primary goal of administering a drug is to achieve a therapeutic effect, that is, to address a specific disease or health condition. Any concurrent effects outside of this therapeutic outcome are considered undesirable. These undesirable...
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When it comes to infants and young children, they are typically administered smaller doses of medication in comparison to adults. This is primarily because their organ functions still need to fully develop, meaning their bodies are not as efficient at metabolizing or eliminating drugs. Additionally, their blood-brain barrier is more permeable than in adults. As a result, high concentrations of drugs can easily penetrate the central nervous system (CNS), potentially leading to neurological...
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Z-Drugs in the Environment: A Review.

Anna Topolewska1, Aleksandra Zahorska1, Agnieszka Łakocka1

  • 1Division of Didactics and Popular Science, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland.

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Non-benzodiazepines, or Z-drugs, used for insomnia, are increasingly detected in wastewater. This review summarizes current knowledge on their environmental presence, ecotoxicity, and removal, highlighting data gaps.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Pharmaceutical Science
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Mental health disorders and substance dependence affect over 360 million globally.
  • Chronic insomnia impacts approximately 10% of adults, leading to increased Z-drug use.
  • The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated mental health issues, further driving pharmaceutical consumption.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review analytical methods for Z-drug detection in environmental matrices.
  • To summarize data on Z-drug removal efficiency in wastewater treatment plants.
  • To consolidate information on the environmental fate and ecotoxicological effects of Z-drugs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific publications.
  • Analysis of data on Z-drug residues in environmental samples.
  • Synthesis of information regarding wastewater treatment efficacy.

Main Results:

  • Limited data exists on analytical methods, environmental occurrence, and ecotoxicity of Z-drugs.
  • Z-drugs are detected in the environment due to incomplete metabolism and excretion.
  • Information on removal rates in wastewater treatment plants is scarce.

Conclusions:

  • There is a critical need for more research on Z-drug environmental presence and impact.
  • Understanding Z-drug environmental fate is crucial for mitigating potential ecological risks.
  • This review identifies key knowledge gaps in Z-drug environmental assessment.