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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Identification and Protection of the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve during Transoral Robotic Thyroidectomy
05:25

Identification and Protection of the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve during Transoral Robotic Thyroidectomy

Published on: October 24, 2025

815

Long-Term Thyroid Complications Post-COVID-19: A Systematic Review.

Luai Hommos1, Harsh Gohil1, Mlaak Rob1

  • 1Department of Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha 24144, Qatar.

Microorganisms
|March 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Long COVID can cause persistent thyroid issues, including autoimmune thyroiditis, following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Monitoring thyroid function in COVID-19 survivors is recommended due to potential long-term endocrine complications.

Keywords:
COVID-19NTISSARS-CoV-2hyperthyroidismhypothyroidismlong COVIDpost-COVID-19 sequelaesubacute thyroiditisthyroidthyrotoxicosis

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Identification and Protection of the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve during Transoral Robotic Thyroidectomy
05:25

Identification and Protection of the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve during Transoral Robotic Thyroidectomy

Published on: October 24, 2025

815

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Virology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is recognized as a multisystem disorder with potential long-term endocrine complications.
  • The thyroid gland, expressing ACE2 receptors, is vulnerable to direct SARS-CoV-2 damage and autoimmune dysfunction.
  • Emerging evidence highlights persistent thyroid abnormalities after the acute phase of COVID-19.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and investigate long-term thyroid complications in individuals with a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
  • To identify the types and prevalence of thyroid disorders occurring post-COVID-19.
  • To explore potential mechanisms and recommend clinical monitoring strategies.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature search was performed across multiple databases.
  • Eligible studies reporting new-onset long-term thyroid complications post-COVID-19 were selected.
  • Data extraction and quality assessment were conducted by two independent reviewers.

Main Results:

  • Twenty-eight studies involving 419 patients across 18 countries met the inclusion criteria.
  • Reported thyroid disorders included subacute thyroiditis, thyrotoxicosis, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and non-thyroidal illness syndrome.
  • While some thyroid conditions resolved, a significant proportion, particularly autoimmune thyroiditis, persisted or recurred.

Conclusions:

  • COVID-19 is associated with diverse long-term thyroid complications, some temporary, others persistent.
  • Potential mechanisms involve direct viral effects, immune dysregulation, and neuroendocrine disruption.
  • Routine thyroid function monitoring is advised for COVID-19 survivors, especially those with severe disease or persistent symptoms.