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Related Experiment Video

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Assessment of Neuromuscular Function Using Percutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation
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Measuring Plantar Flexor Voluntary Activation and Maximal Voluntary Contraction in a Portable, Seated Method: A

Molly E Coventry1, Andrea B Mosler1,2,3, Paola T Chivers4,5

  • 1Nutrition and Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Perth, WA 6027, Australia.

Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology
|March 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary

A new portable device accurately measures ankle plantar flexor voluntary activation, offering a reliable alternative to lab-based testing. This method is suitable for tracking changes over time and reducing participant burden in neurophysiological muscle testing.

Keywords:
calfinterpolated twitch techniquetriceps surae

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Area of Science:

  • Neuromuscular physiology
  • Sports science
  • Rehabilitation medicine

Background:

  • Voluntary activation testing is crucial for assessing the nervous system's maximal force production capacity.
  • Current laboratory methods for ankle plantar flexor voluntary activation lack portability for field use.
  • Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) assessment is limited by equipment accessibility in practical settings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare voluntary activation and MVC of plantar flexors using a portable device versus a standard laboratory method.
  • To evaluate the test-retest reliability of the portable protocol for assessing voluntary activation.
  • To establish a portable and reliable method for field-based neurophysiological muscle testing.

Main Methods:

  • A pseudo-randomized, crossover design comparing a portable force plate with a laboratory isokinetic dynamometer.
  • Assessment of voluntary activation via twitch interpolation using tibial nerve stimulation.
  • Analysis of differences using generalized estimating equations and reliability using ICC, SEM, and CV.

Main Results:

  • No significant difference was found between the portable device and laboratory methods for voluntary activation (p = 0.68).
  • The portable protocol exhibited good test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.85).
  • Low measurement error (SEM = 2.56%, CV = 2.79%) was observed for the portable protocol.

Conclusions:

  • The portable protocol is a valid and reliable tool for assessing plantar flexor voluntary activation in practical settings.
  • This method facilitates the assessment of within-subject changes over time.
  • The portable approach can decrease participant attendance requirements for neurophysiological muscle testing.