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The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
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Combustion, commonly known as burning, is a reaction in which a substance reacts with an oxidizing agent, which in most cases is molecular oxygen, to liberate energy in the form of heat, light, or sound. The heat of combustion is also known as the enthalpy of combustion. The energy released when one mole of a substance undergoes complete combustion at constant pressure is called molar heat of combustion. Combustion reactions are exothermic; that is, they release energy, and their ΔH sign...
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The low reactivity in alkanes can be attributed to the non-polar nature of C–C and C–H σ bonds. Alkanes, therefore, were  initially termed as “paraffins,” derived from the Latin words: parum, meaning “too little,” and affinis, meaning “affinity.”
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Kinetics describes the rate and path by which a reaction occurs. In contrast, thermodynamics deals with state functions and describes the properties, behavior, and components of a system. It is not concerned with the path taken by the process and cannot address the rate at which a reaction occurs. Although it does provide information about what can happen during a reaction process, it does not describe the detailed steps of what appears on an atomic or a molecular level. On the other hand,...
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Radicals, the highly reactive species, gain stability by undergoing three different reactions. The first reaction involves a radical-radical coupling, in which a radical combines with another radical, forming a spin‐paired molecule. The second reaction is between a radical and a spin‐paired molecule, generating a new radical and a new spin‐paired molecule. The third reaction is radical decomposition in a unimolecular reaction, forming a new radical and a spin‐paired...
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The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this species into...
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Insight into Pyrolysis Behavior and Cross-Linking Reactions Mechanism During Coking Coals Pyrolysis.

Lu Tian1, Jinxiao Dou1, Xingxing Chen1

  • 1Key Laboratory of Advanced Coal and Coking Technology of Liaoning Province, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, China.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|March 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Coking coal pyrolysis reveals that tar yield significantly impacts cross-linking reactions. Different coal structures, like Malan (ML) and Tunlan (TL) coals, exhibit unique cross-linking behaviors influencing coke formation.

Keywords:
coking coalcross-linking reactiongas componentpyrolysistar composition

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Area of Science:

  • Metallurgical chemistry
  • Coal science
  • Chemical engineering

Background:

  • Coke is a vital raw material in iron and steel production.
  • Understanding coking coal pyrolysis is crucial for optimizing coke quality and process efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the pyrolysis behavior and cross-linking reactions during coking coal pyrolysis.
  • To analyze the impact of coal structure on pyrolysis products and coke formation.

Main Methods:

  • Pyrolysis experiments in a quartz-tube fixed-bed reactor.
  • Analysis of gaseous and tar products using gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).
  • Characterization of semi-coke using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Main Results:

  • Tar yield significantly influences cross-linking reactions during coal pyrolysis.
  • Structural differences between Malan (ML) and Tunlan (TL) coals lead to distinct cross-linking intensities and tar evolution.
  • ML coal's low aliphatic release at maximum fluidity aids cross-linking, while TL coal's early H2 emission promotes it.

Conclusions:

  • Coal structure dictates cross-linking behavior and coke-forming properties during pyrolysis.
  • Tar evolution profiles and specific volatile releases (aliphatics, H2) are key indicators of cross-linking intensity.
  • Insights into temperature-dependent cross-linking reactions provide a basis for optimizing coking processes.