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Anode-Less (Anode-Free) Batteries: From Fundamental Principles to Practical Pathways Toward Solid-State

Manuela Carvalho Baptista1,2,3, Maria Helena Braga1,2,3

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This summary is machine-generated.

Anode-less batteries eliminate host anodes, boosting energy density and safety for next-gen storage. This review covers liquid and solid electrolyte systems, highlighting challenges and pathways for advanced battery development.

Keywords:
all-solid-state batteriesanode-freeanode-lesscharacterization techniquesconditioninginterface engineeringnext-generation energy storage

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Anode-less battery architectures offer increased energy density, simplified manufacturing, and enhanced safety.
  • Eliminating host anode materials is a key strategy for next-generation energy storage systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of anode-less battery research, covering both liquid and solid electrolyte technologies.
  • To analyze fundamental principles, advantages, challenges, and advanced characterization techniques for anode-less cells.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on anode-less battery systems.
  • Discussion of advanced characterization techniques (electrochemical, interfacial, morphological, operando).
  • Analysis of system design strategies for liquid and solid electrolytes.

Main Results:

  • Identified critical challenges: unstable solid-electrolyte interphases, dendrite formation, and interfacial contact loss.
  • Examined performance-governing factors in system design for both liquid and solid electrolyte anode-less batteries.
  • Highlighted extensions to sodium (Na) and potassium (K)-based batteries.

Conclusions:

  • A development pyramid framework is proposed to guide research from fundamental principles to practical implementation.
  • Key priorities include interface control, full-cell compatibility, and long-term reliability for industrial pathways.
  • Future directions involve hybrid and fully solid-state anode-less battery development.