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Considering the tensile strength of concrete involves recognizing that the theoretical strength of cement paste can be up to a thousand times higher than what is observed in practical applications. This significant discrepancy is largely attributed to the presence of microscopic cracks within the concrete. These cracks tend to amplify stress at their tips when a load is applied, a phenomenon explained by Griffith's theory of brittle fracture.
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A material's elastic behavior is characterized by the disappearance of stress once the load is removed, allowing the material to return to its original state. However, when stress surpasses the yield point, yielding commences, marking the onset of plastic deformation or permanent set. This change from elastic to plastic behavior is influenced by the peak stress value and the duration before the load is removed. An intriguing observation occurs when a specimen is loaded, unloaded, and...
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In designing structural elements and machine parts using ductile materials, it is crucial to ensure that these components withstand applied stresses without yielding. Yielding is initially determined through a tensile test, which evaluates the material's response to uniaxial stress. However, tensile stress is insufficient when components face biaxial or plane stress conditions This condition requires advanced criteria to predict failure.
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Brittle materials, including glass, cast iron, and stone, exhibit unique characteristics. They fracture without considerable change in their elongation rate, indicating that their breaking and ultimate strength are equivalent. Such materials also show lower strain levels at the point of rupture. The failure in brittle materials predominantly results from normal stresses, as evidenced by the rupture created along a surface perpendicular to the applied load. These materials do not display...
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The stress-strain relationship in ductile materials such as structural steel or aluminium is intricate and progresses through several stages. When a specimen is loaded, it initially exhibits a linear length increase, depicted by a steep straight line on the stress-strain diagram. It indicates the material is elastically deforming and will return to its original shape once unloaded. However, when a critical stress value is reached, plastic deformation begins. This stage sees substantial...
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Bridging Material Variability and Tablet Performance: Optimization of Direct Compression Using Tensile

Tibor Casian1, Sonia Iurian1, Alexandru Gâvan2

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.

Pharmaceutics
|March 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a sequential strategy using Design of Experiments (DoE) to develop directly compressible powder formulations. It identifies critical material attributes for active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and excipients, ensuring consistent tablet quality.

Keywords:
compaction analysiscritical material attributesdesign of experimentsejection stresstableting

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Directly compressible formulations are crucial for efficient tablet manufacturing.
  • Understanding material attributes is key to controlling formulation performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a sequential strategy for developing directly compressible powder formulations.
  • To identify critical material attributes influencing tabletability and ejection stress.

Main Methods:

  • Design of Experiments (DoE) was employed.
  • Compression analysis evaluated microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), dicalcium phosphate (DCP), lubricant type, and API variations.
  • Compactibility-Ejection stress plots were utilized.

Main Results:

  • Lubrication mitigated dicalcium phosphate (DCP) particle size effects on ejection stress in placebo formulations.
  • Active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) inclusion differentiated formulations, with particle size being critical.
  • Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) plasticity correlated positively with tensile strength and tabletability.

Conclusions:

  • Material variability significantly impacts product and process performance.
  • The strategy facilitates early identification of critical material attributes.
  • This supports rational formulation and supplier selection for consistent manufacturing quality.