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Development of Human Microbiota01:30

Development of Human Microbiota

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The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from...
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The gut–brain axis is a bidirectional communication system that connects the gastrointestinal tract and the brain. This interaction is mediated through multiple pathways, including the vagus nerve, hormonal signals, immune responses, and chemical messengers produced by gut microbes.Microbial Contributions to Brain FunctionGut microbiota contributes significantly to brain function by producing neuroactive compounds. These include neuroactive compounds that influence neurotransmitters such...
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Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity,...
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The oral microbiome includes a complex ecosystem comprising over 700 microbial species, identified through genomic sequencing and culture-based analyses to date. This community includes a core microbiome, found universally among individuals, and a variable component influenced by environmental factors such as diet, lifestyle, and host genetics. Site-specific conditions, including oxygen gradients, pH levels, and nutrient availability, determine the spatial distribution of these microorganisms...
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The gut microbiota includes trillions of microorganisms that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. This complex ecosystem plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal and systemic health. Most of these microbes inhabit the large intestine, establishing a relatively stable and diverse community that contributes to gut homeostasis through various metabolic, immunological, and protective mechanisms.Dominant bacterial phyla, such as...
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Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
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Processed Diets and Food Additives Shape the Gut Microbiota and Chronic Disease Risk Across the Life Course-A

Monica Manciulea Profir1, Luciana Alexandra Pavelescu1, Gabriel Florin Răzvan Mogoş2

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) disrupt the gut ecosystem through three layers, impairing the intestinal barrier, altering gut microbes, and promoting inflammation. This increases chronic disease risk by reducing gut resilience.

Keywords:
chronic inflammationdysbiosisecosystem resiliencefood additivesgut microbiotaimmune reprogrammingintestinal barrierlife-coursemicrobiological scarringmulti-additive exposureshort-chain fatty acidsultra-processed foods

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiome research
  • Nutritional science
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) are characterized by simplified matrices and multiple food additives.
  • These additives can disrupt the gut ecosystem through convergent mechanisms.
  • Emerging evidence links UPFs to gut dysbiosis and chronic disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a unified model for understanding how ultra-processed foods impact the gut ecosystem.
  • To explore the mechanisms by which food additives disrupt gut barrier function, microbial metabolism, and immune responses.
  • To examine how life-course factors modulate vulnerability to UPF-induced gut disruption.

Main Methods:

  • Review of experimental and human data on ultra-processed foods and gut health.
  • Integration of findings on intestinal barrier integrity, microbial shifts, and immune reprogramming.
  • Formulation of the Three-Layer Ecosystem Disruption (TLED) Model.

Main Results:

  • UPFs disrupt the gut ecosystem via structural barrier impairment, microbial metabolic shifts, and immune/inflammatory reprogramming.
  • These disruptions collectively reduce gut ecosystem resilience.
  • Vulnerability to UPF-induced dysbiosis varies across the life course, with infants and older adults being particularly susceptible.

Conclusions:

  • The TLED Model provides a coherent framework linking UPFs to microbiota-mediated chronic disease risk.
  • Minimally processed, fiber-rich diets enhance microbial resilience.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for mitigating the health risks associated with UPF consumption.