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Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones01:17

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

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In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
o-hydroxy phenols are oxidized to o-quinones and p-hydroxy phenols to p-quinones. Such redox reactions involve the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The reversible redox...
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Loquat Flowers Exceed Leaves: A Less Explored Phenolic Source with Functional Potential.

Ignacio Moratilla-Rivera1,2, Natalia García-Acosta1,3, Jara Pérez-Jiménez1,4

  • 1Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Food Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain.

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|March 28, 2026
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Summary

Loquat flowers and leaves are rich in polyphenols, with flowers showing superior antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. This highlights their potential as sustainable sources for functional ingredients.

Keywords:
Eriobotrya japonicaHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MSantioxidant activityfunctional ingredientsloquat by-productsnon-extractable polyphenolsphenolic compoundsα-glucosidase inhibition

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Area of Science:

  • Plant biochemistry
  • Food science
  • Pharmacognosy

Background:

  • Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) by-products are underutilized.
  • Growing interest in plant bioactives and sustainable food systems.
  • Need to explore phenolic composition and bioactivities of loquat leaves and flowers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Compare phenolic profiles of loquat leaves and flowers.
  • Evaluate and compare in vitro bioactivities (antioxidant, antidiabetic).
  • Support valorisation of loquat by-products as functional ingredients.

Main Methods:

  • Extraction and quantification of polyphenolic fractions (extractable and non-extractable).
  • HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS for phenolic profiling.
  • In vitro assays: FRAP, ABTS, glucose dialysis retardation index, α-glucosidase inhibition.

Main Results:

  • Flowers had higher total polyphenols than leaves.
  • Distinct phenolic profiles between flowers and leaves, with flowers richer in phenolic acids and specific compounds.
  • Flower extracts showed higher antioxidant activity and potent α-glucosidase inhibition, exceeding acarbose.
  • Leaf extracts demonstrated a modest glucose diffusion delay, but lacked significant α-glucosidase inhibition.

Conclusions:

  • Loquat flowers are a promising source of bioactive polyphenols.
  • Valorisation of loquat by-products, especially flowers, is supported for functional food and health applications.
  • Findings contribute to sustainable utilization of agricultural by-products.