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Cancer Vaccines

Cancer Vaccines

Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...

Tumor Immunotherapy

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine

Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine

Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
The combination of the drug acetazolamide and sulforaphane is a good example of combination therapy to treat cancer. The cells in the interior of a large tumor often die due to the hypoxic and...

Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine

Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine

Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) and Cancer

Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) and Cancer

Rous Sarcoma virus or RSV was discovered by F. Peyton Rous in the year 1911 as a filterable transmissible agent that could cause tumors in chickens. He won a Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1966. His experiments clearly demonstrated that some cancers could be caused by infectious agents and led to the discovery of many more cancer-causing viruses in animals as well as humans.
RSV is a retrovirus that contains two copies of a plus-strand RNA genome. Its genome consists of four main open...

Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) and Cancer

Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) and Cancer

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 29, 2026

Paramyxoviruses for Tumor-targeted Immunomodulation: Design and Evaluation Ex Vivo

Paramyxoviruses for Tumor-targeted Immunomodulation: Design and Evaluation Ex Vivo

Published on: January 7, 2019

Neoantigen-Encoded Oncolytic Viruses as Personalized Cancer Vaccines.

Almohanad A Alkayyal¹

¹Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 47512, Saudi Arabia.

Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)

|March 28, 2026

Summary

Oncolytic viruses (OVs) engineered with neoantigens offer a promising personalized cancer vaccine strategy. These OVs deliver tumor-specific antigens in situ, overcoming immunosuppression to generate durable systemic immunity.

Keywords:

HSV-1 Maraba VSV adenovirus antigen presentation checkpoint blockade immunogenic cell death in situ vaccination neoantigen vaccine oncolytic virus personalized immunotherapy vaccinia

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Area of Science:

Immunology
Oncology
Vaccinology

Background:

Neoantigen vaccines target tumor-specific mutations but face challenges with delivery, tumor microenvironment, and heterogeneity.
Conventional platforms struggle to induce robust anti-tumor immunity effectively.
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) offer a novel approach by combining tumor lysis with immune stimulation.

Purpose of the Study:

To summarize principles of neoantigen-encoded OVs as personalized cancer vaccines.
To emphasize the interaction between OV adjuvanticity and antigenicity for immune priming and epitope spreading.
To discuss OV platforms, neoantigen encoding strategies, and clinical/regulatory considerations.

Main Methods:

Review of principles underpinning neoantigen-encoded OVs.
Discussion of major OV platforms (e.g., T-VEC, G47Δ) regarding payload, control, manufacturability, and clinical data.
Analysis of neoantigen encoding strategies (polyepitope strings, minigenes, long peptides) and immune monitoring.

Main Results:

OVs can be engineered to deliver neoantigen payloads and immune-modulatory transgenes.
OV adjuvanticity and antigenicity drive priming, epitope spreading, and durable systemic immunity.
Recent advances show potential for sensitizing tumors to immunotherapy (e.g., PD-1 blockade).

Conclusions:

Neoantigen-encoded OVs represent a next-generation personalized cancer vaccine strategy.
Integrating neoantigen science with immunovirotherapy can convert "cold" tumors into responsive diseases.
A pragmatic clinical workflow is proposed for rapid personalization and maximized therapeutic index.