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Additive Manufacturing in Orthopaedic Trauma: Current Evidence and Applications.

Nikolaos A Stavropoulos1, Fotios Kantas2, Dimitrios V Papadopoulos1

  • 1Second Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Konstantopouleio" General Hospital, 14233 Athens, Greece.

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Summary

Three-dimensional (3D) printing in orthopaedic trauma offers benefits like reduced operative time with anatomical models and improved accuracy with patient-specific surgical guides (PSSGs). Further research is needed for 3D-printed implants and external fixators.

Keywords:
3D-printed anatomical models3D-printed external fixators3D-printed implants3D-printed patient-specific surgical guidesadditive manufacturing

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopaedic Surgery
  • Additive Manufacturing
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Additive manufacturing (3D printing) is a rapidly advancing field in orthopaedics, enabling the creation of complex 3D structures.
  • Its clinical value is recognized for ease of production and cost-effectiveness, but evidence in trauma applications is varied.
  • This review focuses on the clinical uses of 3D printing within traumatology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and analyze the clinical applications of 3D printing in orthopaedic traumatology.
  • To identify and highlight research gaps in the current literature.
  • To assess the clinical applicability of four key 3D printing domains in trauma care.

Main Methods:

  • A narrative review of existing literature on 3D printing in orthopaedic traumatology.
  • Selection of four prevalent application domains: 3D-printed anatomical models, patient-specific surgical guides (PSSGs), 3D-printed implants, and temporary 3D-printed external fixation devices.
  • Analysis of the clinical implementation and outcomes for each domain.

Main Results:

  • 3D-printed anatomical models demonstrated potential to decrease operative time, blood loss, and radiation exposure.
  • Patient-specific surgical guides (PSSGs) improved intraoperative accuracy and outcome consistency but faced challenges in preparation time and accuracy with soft tissue changes.
  • 3D-printed implants and external fixators showed feasibility, comparable mechanical properties, and lower costs, though require further multicenter validation.

Conclusions:

  • 3D-printed anatomical models and PSSGs currently show the highest clinical applicability in orthopaedic trauma, particularly for preoperative planning and intraoperative guidance.
  • 3D-printed implants and external fixation devices present promising avenues but necessitate more extensive research and clinical trials.
  • Addressing current limitations and conducting larger studies will be crucial for broader adoption of these advanced 3D printing applications in trauma.