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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 29, 2026

Challenges in Rheological Characterization of Highly Concentrated Suspensions — A Case Study for Screen-printing Silver Pastes
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Rheological Behavior, Filament Stability, and Microstructure of an Extrusion-Processable Kefiran-PG Formulation.

Elisa Capuana1, Emmanuel Fortunato Gulino1, Roberto Scaffaro1

  • 1Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Viale Delle Scienze, Ed. 8, 90128 Palermo, Italy.

Polymers
|March 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Microbial polysaccharides like kefiran can form self-supporting 3D printed structures. Time-dependent supramolecular reorganization improves print fidelity by increasing material stiffness without chemical cross-linking.

Keywords:
extrusion-based additive manufacturingkefiranphysical network formationporous polymer microstructuretime-dependent viscoelasticity

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Additive Manufacturing

Background:

  • Microbial polysaccharides offer water-processable polymer networks for 3D printing.
  • Controlling print fidelity in extrusion-based additive manufacturing is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate kefiran-propylene glycol (PG) formulations for 3D printing.
  • Determine if time-dependent supramolecular reorganization enhances print fidelity.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a kefiran-PG formulation.
  • Assessed extrusion performance via filament collapse analysis.
  • Characterized rheological behavior using oscillatory and time sweep tests.

Main Results:

  • Filaments printed later (15 min) showed significantly reduced sagging compared to earlier prints (5 min).
  • Storage modulus increased from ~100 Pa to ~1200 Pa over 1800 s, indicating viscoelastic stiffening.
  • Freeze-dried constructs had a porous architecture (6-20 µm pores) and 60.9% porosity; rehydrated samples swelled and remained intact over 56 days.

Conclusions:

  • Print fidelity is controlled by progressive supramolecular consolidation in physically assembled networks.
  • Kefiran-PG formulations demonstrate potential for controlled 3D printing applications.
  • The study highlights exploiting time-dependent physical changes for improved additive manufacturing outcomes.