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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 29, 2026

Detection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 HIV-1 Antisense Protein ASP RNA Transcripts in Patients by Strand-Specific RT-PCR
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Detection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 HIV-1 Antisense Protein ASP RNA Transcripts in Patients by Strand-Specific RT-PCR

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The Gene Encoding the Antisense Protein ASP of HIV-1: Origin, Distribution and Maintenance.

Myriam Abla Houmey1, Sara Sadek1, Coralie F Daussy1

  • 1Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France.

Viruses
|March 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary

The antisense protein (ASP) gene, crucial for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) adaptation, emerged during group M evolution. Its presence is strongly linked to pandemic HIV-1 strains, aiding viral spread.

Keywords:
ASPHIV-1antisense proteinasp geneoverlapping gene

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) evolved from simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) through cross-species transmission and co-evolution.
  • Viral adaptations, including accessory genes, are key to evading host defenses and ensuring persistence.
  • The antisense open reading frame (ORF) encoding the antisense protein (ASP) was identified overlapping the HIV-1 *env* gene.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the origin and evolutionary maintenance of the ASP ORF in HIV-1 and related SIVs.
  • To analyze the distribution, length variability, and conservation of the ASP ORF across different HIV-1 groups and SIV lineages.
  • To understand the role of *de novo* gene birth and overlapping gene evolution in viral adaptation and pandemic potential.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review combined with *in silico* sequence analysis.
  • Retrieved HIV-1 and SIV sequences from the Los Alamos National Laboratory database.
  • Systematic reassessment of ASP ORF distribution, length, and conservation across HIV-1 groups (M, N, O, P), subtypes, CRFs, URFs, and SIVs.

Main Results:

  • An intact ASP ORF (>150 codons) is predominantly conserved in pandemic HIV-1 group M viruses.
  • Evidence of positive selection suggests a selective advantage for the intact ASP ORF.
  • Rare but notable antisense ORFs were identified in select SIVcpz and SIVgor strains.
  • A strong association exists between intact ASP ORFs and pandemic HIV-1 group M lineages.

Conclusions:

  • The *asp* gene likely emerged *de novo* during the evolution of HIV-1 group M.
  • The ASP ORF contributed to viral adaptation and the global spread of HIV-1 in humans.
  • Understanding ASP ORF evolution provides insights into overlapping gene evolution and selective pressures driving viral fitness.