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Establishing Fungal Entomopathogens as Endophytes: Towards Endophytic Biological Control
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Bacillus thuringiensis and its pest control potential as endophyte.

Maria Giovanna De Luca1, Giovanni Jesu1, Daniele Bruno2

  • 1Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici (Na), Italy.

Pest Management Science
|March 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can colonize tomato plants as an endophyte, reducing pest survival and increasing susceptibility to bioinsecticides. This enhances sustainable pest management strategies.

Keywords:
bioinsecticidesbiological controlendophytesinsect–plant–microbe interactions

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Area of Science:

  • Agricultural Science
  • Microbiology
  • Entomology

Background:

  • Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a well-established bioinsecticide.
  • Its role as a plant endophyte and its ecological impact are less understood.
  • Investigating Bt as a plant endophyte in tomato plants is crucial for novel pest control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can colonize tomato plants as an endophyte.
  • To evaluate the effects of endophytic Bt on Spodoptera littoralis larvae.
  • To explore synergistic interactions between endophytic Bt and conventional Bt sprays.

Main Methods:

  • Systemic colonization of tomato plants using Bt from a commercial formulation via seedling drenching.
  • Larval feeding assays using Bt-colonized plants.
  • Microscopic examination of larval midgut tissues.
  • Assessment of larval immunocompetence, adult longevity, and fertility.
  • Evaluation of larval susceptibility to foliar Bt applications.

Main Results:

  • Seedling drenching effectively led to systemic colonization of tomato plants by Bt.
  • Bt colonization significantly reduced survival rates of Spodoptera littoralis larvae.
  • Bt toxins caused midgut epithelial disruption and mitochondrial disorganization in larvae.
  • Endophytic Bt exposure reduced larval immunocompetence, adult longevity, and fertility.
  • Larvae from colonized plants showed increased susceptibility to foliar Bt sprays, indicating synergy.

Conclusions:

  • Endophytic colonization by Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) negatively impacts Spodoptera littoralis fitness.
  • Bt colonization enhances larval sensitivity to Bt sprays, suggesting a synergistic biocontrol approach.
  • This research offers new avenues for integrating endophytic Bt into sustainable pest management programs.