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Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization01:25

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
Initiating crystallization involves manipulating the concentration of the solute and the temperature of the solution. Since crystal growth occurs when the ratio of concentration and solubility of the solute in the solvent – the...

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Direct Synthesis of High-Valence Protein@UiO-66 Composites: Linking Crystallization Pathways to Protein

Jesús Cases Díaz1, Jana Glatz1, Elisa Merced Olivas2,3

  • 1Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, Paterna, Spain.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|March 28, 2026
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Summary

Researchers developed a mild, aqueous method to synthesize zirconium-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) like UiO-66. This biocompatible approach allows for the creation of protein@UiO-66 composites, preserving biomolecule integrity.

Keywords:
biocompositesgrowth kineticshigh‐valence metal–organic frameworksprotein encapsulation

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Direct synthesis of high-valence metal-organic frameworks (HV-MOFs) under biocompatible conditions is challenging due to metal center Lewis acidity and slow coordination kinetics.
  • Zirconium (Zr4+) based frameworks like UiO-66 are benchmarks but their synthesis often requires harsh conditions.
  • Integrating biomolecules into MOFs while maintaining their activity is crucial for biohybrid materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish a mild, aqueous synthesis route for UiO-66 under biocompatible conditions.
  • To create highly crystalline protein@UiO-66 composites.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms governing MOF-biomolecule co-assembly in Lewis-acidic systems.

Main Methods:

  • Mild, aqueous synthesis of UiO-66 using benzene dicarboxylic acid (H2BDC) linker.
  • Incorporation of proteins to form protein@UiO-66 composites.
  • In situ Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) and cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM) for mechanistic studies.

Main Results:

  • Successful synthesis of UiO-66 under mild, aqueous, biocompatible conditions.
  • Formation of highly crystalline protein@UiO-66 composites with preserved biomolecule integrity and activity.
  • Demonstrated that protein incorporation influences framework assembly dynamics, governed by Zr4+ Lewis acidity.

Conclusions:

  • A direct, biocompatible route to UiO-66 synthesis is established.
  • Fundamental principles of MOF-biomolecule co-assembly in highly Lewis-acidic systems are elucidated.
  • Advances the design of robust biointegrated hybrid materials through understanding MOF assembly and biomolecule confinement.