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Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 30, 2026

3D Flipwell Engineering for Developing Asynchronous Systems for Toxicologic and Immunomodulatory Therapies in Bacterial, Gut, and Immune Cells

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Published on: October 17, 2025

Reassembly nanomaterials-mediated engineered bacteria lysis for reshaping immunosuppressive microenvironment.

Tingjie Zhang¹, Jianke Yang¹, Guofeng Cheng¹

¹College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.

|March 28, 2026

Summary

Engineered bacteria and nanomaterials deliver immune factors to tumors, enhancing cancer therapy. This hybrid system safely reshapes the tumor microenvironment, significantly reducing tumor growth and bacterial load.

Keywords:

Bacterial-nanomaterial systems Engineered bacteria therapy IFN-γ Reassembly-mediated bacteria lysis Reshaping immunosuppressive microenvironment

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Published on: October 12, 2018

Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Cancer Therapy
Immunology

Background:

Bacterial therapy shows promise for cold tumors but faces challenges like microenvironment interference and tumor-promoting metabolites.
Genetically modified bacteria can deliver immune activators, but control and safety remain concerns.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a bacteria-nanomaterial hybrid system (IE-PPCs) for stable, controllable immune factor delivery and enhanced cancer treatment safety.
To engineer E. coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) to express IFN-γ and anchor it onto a nanomaterial carrier.

Main Methods:

Engineered EcN expressing IFN-γ, anchored onto peptide-functionalized nanomaterials (PPCs).
Controlled IFN-γ expression via IPTG induction.
Demonstrated IE-PPCs tumor homing, MMP-triggered nanostructure transformation, bacterial lysis, and immune factor release in 4T1 mouse models.

Main Results:

IE-PPCs selectively colonized tumors, releasing IFN-γ and bacterial lysates upon MMP-triggered lysis.
IFN-γ inhibited tumor proliferation; combined therapy promoted dendritic cell maturation and M1 macrophage polarization.
IE-PPCs plus anti-PD-L1 achieved an 89.7% anti-tumor rate with a 98.9% reduction in tumor bacterial load.

Conclusions:

The IE-PPCs system offers a breakthrough strategy for reshaping immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments.
This approach provides a safe and effective therapeutic option for cancer treatment by combining bacterial therapy and nanomaterials.