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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

14.9K
Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
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Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

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The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

9.5K
Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
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Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

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Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
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Chemiosmosis01:32

Chemiosmosis

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Oxidative phosphorylation is a highly efficient process that generates large amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the basic unit of energy that drives many cellular processes. Oxidative phosphorylation involves two processes— the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis.
Electron Transport Chain
The electron transport chain involves a series of protein complexes on the inner mitochondrial membrane that undergo a series of redox reactions. At the end of this chain, the electrons...
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Updated: Mar 30, 2026

Hydrogen Production and Utilization in a Membrane Reactor
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Hydrogen Production and Utilization in a Membrane Reactor

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Two-dimensional crystals catalyse hydrogen into protons.

Jie Xu1,2, Wenna Tang1, Weilin Liu1

  • 1National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology, Jiangsu Physical Science Research Center, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.

Nature Communications
|March 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Two-dimensional crystals facilitate hydrogen permeation as protons, not just hydrogen molecules. This catalysis-driven mechanism is key for advanced separation membranes.

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Neutron Crystallography Data Collection and Processing for Modelling Hydrogen Atoms in Protein Structures
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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Surface Chemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Two-dimensional (2D) crystals offer short pathways for gas transport, crucial for membrane applications.
  • While graphene was thought impermeable, it shows room-temperature hydrogen permeation, but the species and generalizability are unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate hydrogen permeation through various 2D crystals at elevated temperatures.
  • To elucidate the permeating species and the underlying mechanism of hydrogen transport in 2D materials.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental investigation of hydrogen permeation across different 2D crystals.
  • Analysis of the catalytic dissociation, permeation, and recombination steps involved in hydrogen transport.

Main Results:

  • Hydrogen permeates 2D crystals as protons, with graphene achieving 10^17 s^-1 m^-2 permeability.
  • Permeation involves catalytic H2 dissociation, proton transport through the lattice, and recombination.
  • Activation energy is independent of layer number but tunable by material, metal nanoparticles, and atmosphere.

Conclusions:

  • A catalysis-driven proton permeation mechanism is revealed for 2D crystals.
  • This deepens the fundamental understanding of hydrogen transport through 2D materials.
  • Findings are significant for designing advanced separation membranes and catalysts.