Variability and predictability as key factors in a new approach to choreographic complexity in dance

Complexity and order are recognized as critical determinants of our perception and aesthetic appreciation of visual, musical, and kinetic stimuli. Despite the significant body of work examining these factors in the visual arts, dance studies have typically focused on individual movement kinematics without fully addressing the organizational structures that define choreography. This paper aims to bridge this gap by developing a theoretical and empirical framework to analyze choreographic complexity. Drawing on previous research on complexity, we conceptualize choreographic complexity as a multilayered process involving variability, as well as predictability of four choreographic levels: movements, dancers, visual setting, and aural elements. This approach acknowledges the spatial, temporal, and relational dimensions that are central to dance, moving beyond purely kinematic measures to capture the complexity of choreographic design. To explore the relationship with perceived complexity, we conducted a behavioral experiment using continuous assessment techniques to gauge real-time evaluations of complexity during two dance performances. Our model was able to predict perceived complexity of broader sections within the performance in a relative manner. In addition, a post-hoc analysis of moments of interest, as rated by the participants, indicated that those moments could be explained by the model as well. Providing more levels of complexity inevitably results in conflicting complexity on different levels. Analysis of the ratings revealed that movement variability often had the largest influence on perceived complexity. Our dual focus on choreographic structure and behavioral responses helps to understand the cognitive processes underlying dance perception.