Leukemia Diagnosis 2.0: Revolutionizing advanced and futuristic point-of-care detection and monitoring

Leukemia diagnostics have changed significantly because of the advancements in biosensor technologies that improve the early detection, sensitivity, and point-of-care capabilities. Traditional diagnostic methods have a solid foundation, but they have limitations in how highly invasive they are, their cost, and a significant time lapse in providing results, & lack of smartness/intelligence. This review comprehensively examines traditional (electrochemical, piezoelectric, SPR, colorimetric, LFA), advanced (3D/4D printing, paper chips, organ-on-chips, microfluidics, smartphone integration, barcode/QR codes, AI/machine learning), and futuristic (wearables, IoMT, lab-on-drones, nanochips, patient biosensors, smart devices, mouse models based micro niddle/ patch) biosensors addressing these challenges. These platforms enable rapid, multiplexed biomarker analysis of fusion genes (BCR-ABL, PML-RARA), surface antigens (CD33/CD34), exosomes, and CTCs for minimally invasive leukemia detection, MRD monitoring, and remote management. Covering principles, material advances, clinical applications, and prospects, this work highlights their potential to revolutionize accessible, precise, timely global leukemia care.