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Related Concept Videos

Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis01:24

Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis

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Diagnosing acid-base imbalances involves systematically analyzing arterial blood samples, focusing on three key measurements: pH, bicarbonate (HCO3−) concentration, and carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2). This analysis follows a four-step process that helps identify the imbalance's underlying cause and nature.
First, the pH level is assessed to determine whether the blood pH is normal (7.35–7.45), low (acidosis), or high (alkalosis).
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Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases02:58

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The acid-base reaction class has been studied for quite some time. In 1680, Robert Boyle reported traits of acid solutions that included their ability to dissolve many substances, to change the colors of certain natural dyes, and to lose these traits after coming in contact with alkali (base) solutions. In the eighteenth century, it was recognized that acids have a sour taste, react with limestone to liberate a gaseous substance (now known to be CO2), and interact with alkalis to form neutral...
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Disorders of Acid-Base Balance01:29

Disorders of Acid-Base Balance

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The human body maintains a precise pH range of arterial blood between 7.35 and 7.45. Deviations result in either acidosis (pH < 7.35) or alkalosis (pH > 7.45). These conditions are further classified as respiratory or metabolic disorders based on their underlying cause.
Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis occurs due to an increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide PCO2 in the blood. It often arises from shallow breathing or impaired gas exchange caused by...
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Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance01:29

Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance

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Metabolic reactions in the body produce nonvolatile acids, such as sulfuric acid, which generate an acid load of approximately 1 mEq of H+ per kilogram of body weight daily. Excreting H+ in the urine is essential to balance this acid load.
In the kidneys, cells within the proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) and the collecting ducts secrete hydrogen ions (H+) into the tubular fluid. Specifically, in the PCT, Na+/H+ antiporters secrete H+ while reabsorbing Na+.
However, the intercalated cells in...
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Titration of Polyprotic Base with a Strong Acid01:18

Titration of Polyprotic Base with a Strong Acid

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The titration of a polyprotic base such as sodium carbonate with a strong acid such as hydrochloric acid results in two equivalence points on the titration curve. At the first equivalence point, the carbonate ions in the base are completely converted to bicarbonate ions. The second equivalence point corresponds to the complete conversion of bicarbonate ions to carbonic acid, which dissociates into carbon dioxide and water. The region before the first equivalence point corresponds to the...
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Respiratory Regulation of Acid-Base Balance01:18

Respiratory Regulation of Acid-Base Balance

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Respiratory compensation is a vital physiological process that stabilizes blood plasma pH by regulating the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2), a key determinant of pH levels. Most carbon dioxide in the blood dissolves and converts into carbonic acid (H2CO3). It dissociates into hydrogen ions (H+) and bicarbonate ions (HCO3⁻). There is also an inverse relationship between PCO2​​ and pH.
When carbon dioxide levels increase in the blood, more H+ and HCO3⁻ are...
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Retrospective Acid-Base Analysis in Dogs With Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus (2003-2018): 100 Cases.

Eva-Maria Talts1, Kate Hopper2, Steven E Epstein2

  • 1Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois College Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, Illinois, USA.

Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care (San Antonio, Tex. : 2001)
|March 30, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Acid-base analysis in dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) is variable. Semiquantitative analysis reveals frequent coexisting acidotic and alkalotic processes, highlighting the need for individualized patient assessment.

Keywords:
GDVmetabolic acidosissemiquantitative acid–base analysistraditional acid–base analysis

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Medicine
  • Canine Critical Care
  • Acid-Base Physiology

Background:

  • Gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) is a life-threatening condition in dogs.
  • Acid-base disturbances are common in dogs with GDV.
  • Understanding these disturbances is crucial for effective management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize acid-base status in dogs with GDV using traditional and semiquantitative methods.
  • To evaluate the utility of anion gap in identifying hyperlactatemia.
  • To describe common acidotic and alkalotic processes in affected dogs.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective study of 100 dogs with confirmed GDV.
  • Analysis of venous blood gas, electrolyte, and lactate concentrations within 1 hour of presentation.
  • Comparison of traditional and semiquantitative acid-base interpretations.

Main Results:

  • Traditional acid-base analysis was normal in 37% of dogs.
  • Hyperlactatemia was present in 89% of dogs; anion gap was unhelpful.
  • Semiquantitative analysis identified multiple coexisting acidotic (hyperlactatemia, unmeasured anions) and alkalotic (hypoalbuminemia, contraction alkalosis) processes.

Conclusions:

  • Acid-base balance in dogs with GDV is highly variable.
  • Traditional analysis is often insufficient; semiquantitative analysis provides more comprehensive insights.
  • Individualized assessment is critical for managing acid-base disturbances in GDV patients.