Unveiling the genomic landscape of NBAIR BSWG1, a potent Bacillus subtilis strain

Bacillus subtilis NBAIR BSWG1 is a well-characterized and potent strain exhibiting antagonistic activity against diverse phytopathogens; however, comprehensive genomic characterization of this strain has been lacking. In this study, we performed whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to elucidate its genetic composition and functional potential. The WGS using Illumina NextSeq500 (2 × 150 bp) generated a 4,170,645 bp draft genome, comprising 4,313 genes, 4,153 protein-coding sequences, 57 tRNAs, and 96 non-coding RNAs. Functional annotation using Blast2GO, KEGG, and COG revealed enrichment in metabolic processes (14.63%), organic cyclic compound binding (19.16%), and membrane-associated functions (28.5%). Comparative genomics using OrthoANI and GGDC showed > 98.5% nucleotide identity with B. subtilis strains 168 and n3NA, confirming species assignment. The genome harboured 15 antimicrobial resistance genes (ARG) with 30 ARG-MGE (Mobile Genetic Elements) associations, indicating mobilisation potential. Additionally, two intact prophages, 19 genomic islands, two CRISPR arrays, and 164 mobile genetic elements were identified. Variant analysis showed 32,456 SNPs, predominantly genic (28,696). Pangenome analysis across 15 B. subtilis strains revealed 3,238 core genes and 4,975 accessory genes (1411 shell, 3564 cloud), highlighting genomic diversity and strain-specific adaptations. Hierarchical clustering positioned NBAIR BSWG1 with strains containing numerous accessory genes, reflecting evolutionary and functional differentiation. These comprehensive genomic insights advance understanding of the genetic determinants of antimicrobial activity, adaptability, and horizontal gene transfer in B. subtilis NBAIR BSWG1, providing a valuable resource for its potential application in biocontrol and agricultural biotechnology.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-026-04770-7.