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Metacognitive discrepancies in schizotypy: Divergence between subjective and objective cognitive functioning.

Parth Nakirikanti1,2, Jeffrey E Cassisi1, Jeffrey S Bedwell1

  • 1College of Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, United States of America.

Schizophrenia Research. Cognition
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PubMed
Summary

Individuals with higher schizotypy report more cognitive difficulties than their objective performance suggests. This metacognitive discrepancy was observed across all measured schizotypy dimensions in emerging adults.

Keywords:
MetacognitionSchizotypySubjective–objective discrepancyWorking memorysustained attention

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive psychology
  • Psychiatry
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Metacognitive discrepancies between subjective and objective cognition are recognized in schizophrenia spectrum disorders.
  • These discrepancies are understudied in nonclinical schizotypy, particularly in emerging adults.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the relationship between three schizotypy dimensions (Cognitive-Perceptual, Interpersonal, Disorganized) and metacognitive discrepancies in emerging adults.
  • To assess how perceived cognitive functioning diverges from objective cognitive performance across schizotypy dimensions.

Main Methods:

  • A large online sample of 1039 undergraduate students completed schizotypy measures and self-reported cognitive functioning (WHODAS 2.0).
  • Objective cognitive functioning was assessed using laboratory-style tasks: sustained attention (CPT-IP) and visuospatial working memory (2-back, 3-back).
  • A Subjective-Objective Discrepancy Index (SODI) was created to quantify the divergence between perceived and measured cognition.

Main Results:

  • All three schizotypy domains were significantly associated with greater perceived cognitive difficulty relative to objective performance.
  • Higher schizotypy scores correlated with lower self-reported cognitive functioning.
  • Objective performance varied by schizotypy dimension: Cognitive-Perceptual schizotypy linked to lower performance, Interpersonal showed no association, and Disorganized had a small positive association.

Conclusions:

  • Consistent metacognitive discrepancies exist in schizotypy, where individuals perceive more cognitive impairment than their performance indicates.
  • The SODI effectively indexes subjective-objective cognitive divergence.
  • Metacognitive processes are crucial for understanding cognition and functioning across the psychosis spectrum.