A Narrative Review on Rodent Models of Neuropsychopathology Associated with Low Temperature Exposure

The present review aims to critically analyse the employment of rodent models for the study of neuropsychopathology associated with low temperature exposure, a semi-manageable environmental stressor. The comprehensive array of data obtained from the animal studies focusing on cold stress-induced dysfunctions in pathophysiological pathways/effectors, including hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA axis), neurogenic cascades, synaptic, bioenergetic, metabolic, redox, and immune functions, are extensively delineated in the current review. Our observation based upon findings obtained from previously published studies indicates that in spite of the discrepancies in the manifestation of the low temperature exposure protocols, rodents have been instrumental in discerning prominent cellular and molecular mediators of the adverse changes in neuronal functions and psycho-cognitive dysfunctions associated with cold stress injury. While the data emphasizes a robust and intricate interaction between cold stress, neuronal resilience, and complex brain functions, further research is needed to identify molecular and cellular targets to mitigate the pathophysiological effects of cold stress. Lastly, we also explored the potential of medicinal plants as phytotherapeutic interventions for stimulating brain recovery mechanisms and neutralizing cold stress-induced neurobehavioural deficits. Based on the available evidence, we propose naturopathic approaches employing phytotherapeutic agents as multimodal, safe, and feasible alternatives and complementary strategies for alleviating the adverse effects of cold stress on the brain and behaviour.