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Updated: Mar 31, 2026

Ice Generation and the Heat and Mass Transfer Phenomena of Introducing Water to a Cold Bath of Brine
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Under-ice convective regimes driven by sunlight and sediment temperature control water-ice heat flux

Gustavo Estay1, Daisuke Noto1,2, Hugo N Ulloa1

  • 1Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.

PNAS Nexus
|March 30, 2026
PubMed

Keywords:
convectionice-covered waterssediment heat exchangesolar radiationwater–ice heat flux

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