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The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the...
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Destabilization of the Medial Meniscus and Cartilage Scratch Murine Model of Accelerated Osteoarthritis
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Meniscal-Related Risk Factors for Lateral Meniscal Extrusion: A Narrative Review.

Angelo V Vasiliadis1,2, Vasileios Giovanoulis3, Dimitrios Chytas4

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sports Trauma Unit, St. Luke's Hospital, Panorama, 55236 Thessaloniki, Greece.

Indian Journal of Orthopaedics
|March 30, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Lateral meniscal extrusion is linked to knee joint instability, often caused by discoid morphology, tears, or prior surgery. Understanding these factors is key for preserving meniscal health and improving knee function.

Keywords:
Discoid meniscusLateral meniscus extrusionMeniscal allograft transplantationMeniscal tearsMeniscusRisk factors

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Sports Medicine
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Meniscal extrusion, particularly lateral, is an understudied indicator of knee dysfunction and biomechanical changes.
  • Its clinical relevance is significant, especially in young athletes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a narrative review of meniscal factors contributing to lateral meniscal extrusion.
  • Identify and categorize risk factors for lateral meniscal extrusion.

Main Methods:

  • A narrative literature review was conducted using PubMed and supplementary sources.
  • Studies published between January 2000 and December 2025 were analyzed.
  • Risk factors were categorized into meniscal shape/morphology, pathology, and surgical interventions.

Main Results:

  • Morphological variations (e.g., discoid meniscus) and increased meniscus-bone angle increase extrusion risk.
  • Meniscal pathologies like root and radial tears disrupt hoop stress, elevating extrusion risk.
  • Post-surgical extrusion is common after partial meniscectomy and transplantation, linked to poorer outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Lateral meniscal extrusion stems mainly from structural instability, not just degeneration.
  • Discoid morphology, poor geometry, complex tears, and prior surgery are key drivers.
  • Meniscal preservation is crucial given these contributing factors.