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Photodynamic Therapy with Blended Conducting Polymer/Fullerene Nanoparticle Photosensitizers
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Tutorial on Energy Transfer Mechanisms and Computational Methods in X‑ray Photodynamic Therapy with Metal

Maxim Laborenz1, Sami Malola2, Hannu Häkkinen1,2

  • 1Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.

ACS Physical Chemistry Au
|March 30, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and X-ray PDT utilize photosensitizers to generate cell-killing reactive oxygen species. Metal nanoclusters show promise for improving PDT and X-PDT efficacy and targeting, though energy transfer mechanisms require further research.

Keywords:
X-rayX-ray photodynamic therapycancercharge transferdensity functional theoryenergy transfergoldmetal nanoclustersphotodynamic therapyreactive oxygen species

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Photochemistry

Background:

  • Cancer treatment necessitates effective and minimally invasive therapies.
  • Photodynamic therapy (PDT) uses photosensitizers and light to generate cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS).
  • Challenges in PDT include oxygen supply, light delivery, and targeted delivery of photosensitizers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce photodynamic therapy (PDT) and X-ray photodynamic therapy (X-PDT).
  • To explore the role of metal nanoclusters (NCs) as photosensitizers in PDT and X-PDT.
  • To elucidate energy transfer mechanisms and identify research gaps in PDT and X-PDT.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on PDT, X-PDT, and metal nanoclusters.
  • Explanation of elementary energy transfer mechanisms in PDT and X-PDT.
  • Overview of simulation strategies for PDT and X-PDT.

Main Results:

  • Metal nanoclusters, particularly gold-based ones, demonstrate biocompatibility and potential as photosensitizers.
  • X-PDT offers an alternative to light-based PDT by utilizing X-rays for deeper tissue penetration.
  • Energy transfer dynamics from photosensitizers/NCs to oxygen in both PDT and X-PDT are not fully understood.

Conclusions:

  • Metal NCs offer a promising avenue for enhancing PDT and X-PDT efficacy and targeting.
  • Further research is needed to understand energy transfer mechanisms for optimizing PDT and X-PDT.
  • Theoretical and computational studies are crucial for advancing X-PDT research.