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Empowerment approach or burden avoidance? How and when leaders' after-hours electronic communication expectations

Xiong Zheng1, Lingling Li1, Guanfeng Shi1

  • 1School of Economics and Management, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.

Frontiers in Psychology
|March 30, 2026
PubMed

Keywords:
after-hours electronic communication expectationsapproach-oriented job craftingavoidance-oriented job craftingorganization-based self-esteemregulatory focuswork intensification

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