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Focusing of Light in the Eye

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Light rays enter the eye through the cornea, a transparent dome-shaped tissue that is the eye's outermost layer. The cornea bends or refracts, light rays traveling to the pupil. The shape of the cornea determines how much of the light is bent and whether the image will be focused correctly on the retina at the back of the eye. Once the light has passed through both refraction layers, it converges into a single focal point onto a small area. This is where photoreceptors start transforming...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 6, 2026

Quantifying the Activity of cis-Regulatory Elements in the Mouse Retina by Explant Electroporation

Quantifying the Activity of cis-Regulatory Elements in the Mouse Retina by Explant Electroporation

Published on: June 28, 2011

Defocus coding and transcriptomic remodeling in the mouse myopic retina.

ChungHim So¹, Ting Zhang¹, Kangyi Yang^1,2

¹School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.

American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology

|March 30, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The retina detects optical defocus via horizontal cells, influencing dopaminergic amacrine cells (DACs). This process, involving gene expression changes in lens-induced myopic (LIM) retinas, suggests targeting dopamine signaling could slow myopia progression.

Keywords:

dopaminergic amacrine cell myopia retina scRNA seq vision

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Inducement and Evaluation of a Murine Model of Experimental Myopia

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Last Updated: Apr 6, 2026

Quantifying the Activity of cis-Regulatory Elements in the Mouse Retina by Explant Electroporation

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Published on: June 28, 2011

In Vivo Imaging of Cx3cr1gfp/gfp Reporter Mice with Spectral-domain Optical Coherence Tomography and Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy

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Inducement and Evaluation of a Murine Model of Experimental Myopia

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Published on: January 22, 2019

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Ophthalmology
Genetics

Background:

Myopia development is linked to visually guided ocular growth.
The precise retinal mechanisms for sensing focus/defocus and translating them into growth signals are unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

Investigate how retinal circuits and gene expression respond to optical defocus.
Determine the role of retinal dopamine signaling in myopia progression.

Main Methods:

Whole-cell recordings and single-cell RNA sequencing (sc-RNA-seq) in mouse retinas.
Analysis of retinas from lens-induced myopic (LIM) mice.

Main Results:

Horizontal cells, not AII amacrine cells, respond to optical defocus.
Dopaminergic amacrine cells (DACs) show altered activity with defocus, consistent with dopamine's anti-myopiagenic role.
sc-RNA-seq revealed cell-type-specific remodeling of synaptic pathways and altered gene expression (e.g., Atf4, Gnb5 upregulation; dopamine pathway downregulation) in LIM retinas.

Conclusions:

Neuromodulator-gated electrical coupling influences signal discrimination.
Chronic blur in LIM retinas induces plasticity from biophysical states to gene expression, impacting growth signals.
Targeting dopaminergic signaling may offer a strategy to slow myopia progression by restoring adaptive defocus encoding.