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Related Concept Videos

Electrocardiogram01:29

Electrocardiogram

7.9K
An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a critical diagnostic tool that records the electrical signals produced by the heart during each heartbeat. This recording is achieved through electrodes placed strategically on the arms, legs, and chest. The electrocardiograph amplifies these signals and produces 12 distinct tracings, offering a comprehensive understanding of the heart's electrical activity.
Three major waveforms are present in a typical ECG recording: the P wave, the QRS complex, and...
7.9K
Electrocardiogram Fundamentals01:28

Electrocardiogram Fundamentals

1.9K
Introduction
An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a diagnostic tool for identifying cardiac conditions such as arrhythmias, conduction abnormalities, and myocardial ischemia.
Definition
An electrocardiogram (ECG) visualizes the heart's electrical activity by tracing the electrical movement associated with each heartbeat on a graph or monitor. As the heart beats, an electrical wave passes through it, correlating with the cardiac cycle events.
Parts of an ECG
An ECG utilizes electrodes on the skin...
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Dysrhythmias V: Evaluating Dysrhythmias01:30

Dysrhythmias V: Evaluating Dysrhythmias

472
Dysrhythmias, also known as arrhythmias, are disturbances in the heart's rhythm that range from benign to life-threatening. A thorough evaluation is crucial for appropriate management and involves a comprehensive medical history, physical examination, and various diagnostic tests.Medical HistorySymptoms: Collect detailed information on palpitations, dizziness, syncope, chest pain, and fatigue. Note their onset, frequency, and triggers.Previous Cardiac Issues: Document any history of heart...
472
Pulse rhythm01:30

Pulse rhythm

1.6K
Pulse rhythm refers to the pattern of pulsations within specific intervals, offering valuable insights into the regularity or irregularity of the heart's beats as observed through the pattern of pulsation within specific intervals. A regular pulse exhibits a consistent heart rate with uniform waveforms and pulsation force, variations of which can be classified as normal, weak, or bounding.
Conversely, an irregular pulse pattern is termed dysrhythmia, stemming from disruptions in cardiac...
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ECG Interpretation of Rhythms01:24

ECG Interpretation of Rhythms

18.7K
An electrocardiogram (ECG)graphically represents the heart's electrical activity on ECG paper or a monitor.
Components of the Electrocardiogram
The primary components of a normal ECG waveform in Normal sinus rhythm(NSR) include the P wave, PR interval, QRS complex, ST segment, T wave, and occasionally a U wave.
ECG waveforms are divided by vertical and horizontal lines at standard intervals.
The horizontal axis measures time and rate, and the vertical axis measures amplitude or voltage....
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 1, 2026

Patient Directed Recording of a Bipolar Three-Lead Electrocardiogram using a Smartwatch with ECG Function
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Automated 12-Lead Electrocardiograms (ECG) Digitization and WaveForm DataBase (WFDB) Standardization: Insights from

Nho Thai Nguyen1, Dung Ngoc Nguyen2, Van Hai Ho3

  • 1Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Saigon Technology University; Faculty of Information Technology, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City.

Journal of Visualized Experiments : Jove
|March 30, 2026
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Summary

This study introduces a digitization protocol to convert printed 12-lead electrocardiograms (ECGs) into digital WaveForm DataBase (WFDB) signals. This enables standardized computational analysis for improved interoperability and machine learning applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Medical Informatics
  • Signal Processing

Background:

  • Clinical electrocardiograms (ECGs) are often archived as paper records or PDF images.
  • This format hinders interoperability and advanced computational analysis.
  • Lack of standardized digital ECG data limits machine learning applications in cardiology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a reproducible protocol for digitizing 12-lead ECGs from report images.
  • To convert raster ECG images into standardized, analyzable digital signals.
  • To facilitate downstream computational analysis and machine learning in cardiology.

Main Methods:

  • Grid detection and pixel-to-physical calibration for image scaling.
  • Object detection model for automated localization and labeling of 12 ECG leads.
  • Signal preprocessing, normalization, and waveform extraction using Viterbi or centerline-based methods.
  • Inclusion of visual checkpoints for quality control throughout the workflow.

Main Results:

  • A robust protocol for converting heterogeneous ECG report images into digital signals.
  • Generated time-aligned 12-lead WaveForm DataBase (WFDB) records.
  • The protocol effectively handles variable clinical layouts, grid visibility, and imaging artifacts.

Conclusions:

  • The developed protocol enables reproducible digitization of clinical ECGs.
  • Standardized WFDB-compliant digital ECGs support advanced signal processing and machine learning.
  • This facilitates wider adoption of computational methods in clinical cardiology.