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    Augmented reality (AR) using optical see-through head-mounted displays (OST-HMDs) impairs multitasking performance. Spatial discontinuity between virtual and physical displays did not worsen performance but increased workload, especially under high task loads.

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    Area of Science:

    • Human-Computer Interaction
    • Augmented Reality Systems
    • Cognitive Psychology

    Background:

    • Optical see-through head-mounted displays (OST-HMDs) integrate virtual information into the user's real-world view.
    • Spatial discontinuity, arising from differing viewing distances or lateral separations, can occur when arranging virtual and physical displays.
    • Understanding these discontinuities' impact on user performance and workload is crucial for effective AR system design.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the effects of spatial discontinuity in OST-HMD augmented reality (AR) environments on multitasking performance and perceived workload.
    • To examine how task load influences the relationship between display configurations and user performance/workload.
    • To compare multitasking performance and workload across different display arrangements, including those with and without spatial discontinuity, and a baseline physical display.

    Main Methods:

    • Participants engaged in a multitasking simulation involving four tasks distributed across physical and virtual displays.
    • Four display configurations were tested: baseline (all tasks on physical display), one cross-display without discontinuity, and two with varying degrees of spatial discontinuity.
    • Each configuration was evaluated under two distinct task load levels.

    Main Results:

    • AR environments supported by OST-HMDs significantly degraded multitasking performance compared to a physical-only display, irrespective of spatial discontinuity.
    • The presence of spatial discontinuity (small depth separations or alignment offsets) did not introduce additional significant performance decrements.
    • AR configurations led to higher perceived workload than the baseline, though spatial discontinuity itself did not significantly alter workload ratings.
    • Task load was found to modulate the impact of display configurations on performance and influence physical discomfort and frustration ratings.

    Conclusions:

    • OST-HMD-based AR negatively affects multitasking performance, independent of spatial discontinuity.
    • While spatial discontinuity does not further impair performance, it contributes to increased perceived workload in AR.
    • Task load is a critical factor influencing user performance and subjective experience within AR environments, highlighting the need for adaptive interfaces.