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The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom02:45

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

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Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.
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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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When a substance—isolated from its environment—is subjected to heat changes, corresponding changes in temperature and phase of the substance is observed; this is graphically represented by heating and cooling curves.
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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In the macroscopic world, objects that are large enough to be seen by the naked eye follow the rules of classical physics. A billiard ball moving on a table will behave like a particle; it will continue traveling in a straight line unless it collides with another ball, or it is acted on by some other force, such as friction. The ball has a well-defined position and velocity or well-defined momentum, p = mv, which is defined by mass m and velocity v at any given moment. This is the typical...
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Theory of Metallic Conduction01:17

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The conduction of free electrons inside a conductor is best described by quantum mechanics. However, a classical model makes predictions close to the results of quantum mechanics. It is called the theory of metallic conduction.
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Quantum annealing and condensed matter physics.

Viv Kendon1, Nicholas Chancellor2

  • 1Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom.

Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal
|March 30, 2026
PubMed
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This summary is machine-generated.

Quantum annealing uses quantum physics to solve complex optimization problems. This review explores its use for condensed matter physics, highlighting mutual benefits for researchers and quantum hardware development.

Keywords:
adiabatic quantum computingquantum annealingquantum computing

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum Computing
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Computational Physics

Background:

  • Quantum annealing is a computational method utilizing quantum mechanical properties.
  • It is primarily used for solving optimization problems.
  • Recent advancements enable its application to condensed matter physics challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of quantum annealing for condensed matter physicists.
  • To illustrate the synergistic benefits of collaboration between quantum physicists and condensed matter researchers.
  • To explore the application of quantum annealers in advancing condensed matter physics.

Main Methods:

  • Review of quantum annealing principles and applications.
  • Discussion of current quantum annealing hardware capabilities.
  • Exploration of potential use cases in condensed matter physics.

Main Results:

  • Quantum annealers can address complex optimization tasks.
  • Existing hardware is suitable for tackling condensed matter physics problems.
  • Collaboration can enhance understanding and performance of quantum annealers.

Conclusions:

  • Quantum annealing offers a promising avenue for condensed matter physics research.
  • Interdisciplinary collaboration is key to advancing both quantum computing and condensed matter science.
  • Further research can optimize quantum annealers for scientific discovery.