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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 1, 2026

Examining Bilingual Language Control Using the Stroop Task
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¿Sabes si viene un code-switch? Bilinguals can predict upcoming code-switches given enough context.

Lauren K Salig1,2, Jorge R Valdés Kroff3, Jeymi Menendez4

  • 1Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA. salig@umich.edu.

Memory & Cognition
|March 30, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bilinguals can consciously predict language code-switches when given enough conversational context. This ability to anticipate changes in language, or code-switching, depends on the available contextual cues.

Keywords:
BilingualismCode-switchingComprehensionPrediction

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Area of Science:

  • Psycholinguistics
  • Cognitive Science
  • Bilingualism Research

Background:

  • Language comprehension relies on predictive processing.
  • The extent to which comprehenders predict linguistic elements, including language choice, remains an open question.
  • Bilinguals' ability to predict language code-switches is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether Spanish-English bilinguals can consciously predict upcoming code-switches in conversation.
  • To determine the role of contextual information in predicting language code-switches.

Main Methods:

  • Sentences from spontaneous bilingual conversations were selected, with the final word omitted.
  • Spanish-English bilingual participants predicted the language of the omitted word.
  • Two experiments were conducted: one with 30 seconds of prior context and one with only the sentence fragment.

Main Results:

  • Bilinguals successfully predicted upcoming code-switches when provided with 30 seconds of conversational context.
  • Prediction accuracy for code-switches was significantly lower when participants only heard the sentence fragment without extensive context.
  • The availability of conversational cues is crucial for predicting language code-switches.

Conclusions:

  • Bilinguals possess the capacity for conscious prediction of language code-switches.
  • Predicting code-switches is dependent on the amount of available conversational context.
  • These findings contribute to our understanding of predictive processing in bilingual language comprehension.