Deep Learning-Enhanced Resonance Frequency Analysis for Dental Implant Stability Assessment

Accurate assessment of dental implant stability is critical for predicting osseointegration outcomes and guiding clinical decision-making. Resonance frequency analysis (RFA) is a widely adopted non-invasive method for measuring implant stability quotient (ISQ); however, signal acquisition noise frequently compromises measurement reliability, leading to variable ISQ readings. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a deep learning-enhanced RFA framework integrating a denoising convolutional neural network (CNN) with a metadata-aware prediction network to improve ISQ estimation accuracy and signal quality.

A retrospective dataset of 100 implants (300 signal samples; three acquisitions per implant) was analyzed. The framework comprised: (1) a denoising CNN to suppress signal contamination and improve signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and (2) a metadata-aware prediction network estimating ISQ from denoised signals and implant-specific parameters (bone density category and insertion torque). Performance was evaluated on a held-out test set (20 implants, 60 samples) using MAE, RMSE, R², and tolerance accuracy within ±3 ISQ units, and compared against a traditional RFA baseline.

The denoising network reduced noise by up to 85% and improved mean SNR from 12.3 dB to 22.8 dB. The proposed model achieved MAE of 1.85 ISQ, RMSE of 2.40 ISQ, R² of 0.91, and tolerance accuracy of 92% within ±3 ISQ, outperforming the traditional baseline (MAE 2.65; RMSE 3.35; R² 0.83; tolerance accuracy 77%).

The deep learning-enhanced RFA framework substantially improved signal quality and ISQ prediction accuracy over traditional RFA methods, supporting its potential in clinical implant stability monitoring. The framework should currently be regarded as a proof-of-concept; multi-center prospective validation incorporating real-world noise profiling and clinical outcome assessment is required before clinical deployment.