Skeletal muscle tissue engineering using magnetic nanoparticles: a comprehensive review.

Area of Science:

• Biomaterials Science
• Regenerative Medicine
• Nanotechnology

Background:

• Skeletal muscle tissue engineering (SMTE) addresses challenges from trauma, disease, and disabilities.
• Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are emerging as bioactive agents in SMTE due to their magnetic properties and surface versatility.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the significance of MNPs in SMTE, focusing on scaffold transplantation, drug delivery, myogenic differentiation, and remote mechanical stimulation.
• To highlight advancements in MNPs for skeletal muscle regeneration.

Main Methods:

• Review of literature on MNPs in SMTE.
• Analysis of MNP types (e.g., iron oxide-based), fabrication, modification, and biocompatibility.
• Examination of scaffolding techniques, magneto-mechanical stimulation, and synergistic applications with smart materials.

Main Results:

• MNPs show promise in scaffold transplantation, bioactive agent delivery, and remote mechanical stimulation for SMTE.
• Iron oxide-based MNPs are predominant, with ongoing progress in their fabrication and modification.
• Electromagnetic-driven scaffolding and magneto-mechanical stimulation are advancing SMTE.

Conclusions:

• MNPs hold significant therapeutic potential for skeletal muscle functional regeneration.
• Further research is needed to address dosage, cytotoxicity, and in vivo translation for clinical viability.
• Smart, magnetoresponsive systems are key for future muscle repair strategies.