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The conversion of allylic alcohols into epoxides using the chiral catalyst was discovered by K. Barry Sharpless and is known as Sharpless epoxidation. The use of a chiral catalyst enables the formation of one enantiomer of the product in excess. This chiral catalyst is mainly a chiral complex of titanium tetraisopropoxide and tartrate ester (specific stereoisomer). The stereoisomer used in the chiral catalyst dictates the formation of the enantiomer of the product. In other words, the use of...
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Some cycloaddition reactions are activated by heat, while others are initiated by light. For example, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition between two ethylene molecules occurs only in the presence of light. It is photochemically allowed but thermally forbidden.
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Epoxides that are three-membered ring systems are more reactive than other cyclic and acyclic ethers. The high reactivity of epoxides originates from the strain present in the ring. This ring strain acts as a driving force for epoxides to undergo ring-opening reactions either with halogen acids or weak nucleophiles in the presence of mild acid. The acid catalyst converts the epoxide oxygen, a poor leaving group, into an oxonium ion, a better leaving group, making the reaction feasible. The...
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Acyclic diene metathesis polymerization or ADMET polymerization involves cross-metathesis of terminal dienes, such as 1,8-nonadiene, to give linear unsaturated polymer and ethylene. As ADMET is a reversible process, the formed ethylene gas must be removed from the reaction mixture to complete the polymerization process.
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Ethylene Polymerizations Using Parallel Pressure Reactors and a Kinetic Analysis of Chain Transfer Polymerization
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Ag(111) Remains Significantly Reduced In Situ under Simulated Ethylene Epoxidation Conditions.

Elizabeth E Happel1, Toghrul Azizli2, Gloria A Sulley2

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters
|March 31, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The silver catalyst in ethylene epoxidation is not fully oxidized under industrial conditions. Significant metallic silver sites remain available, crucial for selective epoxidation.

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Area of Science:

  • Chemical Engineering
  • Surface Science
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Direct ethylene epoxidation is a high-value industrial process.
  • The reaction mechanism, particularly the state of the silver (Ag) catalyst, is debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if the Ag catalyst is metallic or oxidized under industrial reaction conditions.
  • To identify the active oxidant species in ethylene epoxidation.

Main Methods:

  • Ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AP-XPS).
  • Simulating industrial chemical potentials and reaction conditions (5:2 ethylene-to-oxygen ratio at 433 K) on Ag(111).

Main Results:

  • Under oxidizing conditions, Ag(111) forms nucleophilic oxygen (~80%) and carbonate impurities (~20%).
  • Under reaction conditions, nucleophilic oxygen is consumed, leaving surface carbonate and bare Ag.
  • The Ag(111) surface maintains approximately 50% exposed metallic sites.

Conclusions:

  • The silver catalyst is not fully oxidized under relevant industrial conditions.
  • Bare Ag sites are available, supporting mechanisms involving the oxametallacycle intermediate for selective epoxidation.