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Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size...
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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
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Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
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Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
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Aphrodite Generates, Helen is Proved, the Surgeon Intervenes.

Hun Kim1, Kun Hwang2,3, Seung-Ho Han1,3

  • 1Ewha Medical Academy, Ewha Womans University Medical Center, Seoul.

The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery
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Summary

Perfect beauty is impossible to prove and its pursuit is harmful. Ethical aesthetic medicine should focus on sufficiency, not perfection, to support lived aesthetic experiences.

Keywords:
Beautyplasticproof of concept studysurgery

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Area of Science:

  • Philosophy of Aesthetics
  • Medical Ethics
  • Classical Studies

Background:

  • The concept of perfect beauty is pervasive yet unprovable, influencing mythology, philosophy, and aesthetic medicine.
  • The logical principle of probatio diabolica highlights the difficulty in proving non-existence, shifting the burden of proof to existence claims.
  • Beauty is paradoxically strongest when unprovable and weakest when subjected to scrutiny.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the concept of beauty through the lens of probatio diabolica.
  • To trace the evolution of beauty from generation to proof and ethical intervention.
  • To reframe the role of aesthetic medicine in relation to the demand for proving beauty.

Main Methods:

  • A tripartite framework analyzing beauty as generation (Aphrodite), proof (Helen of Troy), and ethical intervention.
  • Examination of classical mythology and contemporary clinical practices in aesthetic medicine.
  • Application of the probatio diabolica principle to the concept of beauty.

Main Results:

  • Beauty as generation is an emergent, affective event preceding justification.
  • Beauty as proof, exemplified by Helen of Troy, carries destructive consequences and becomes data in modern algorithmic quantification.
  • Ethical aesthetic surgery intervenes to suspend the demand for proof, aiming for sufficiency rather than unattainable perfection.

Conclusions:

  • The demand to prove perfect beauty undermines lived aesthetic experience.
  • Ethical aesthetic medicine should resist probatio diabolica, embracing a humane understanding of beauty.
  • Sufficiency in aesthetic outcomes allows beauty to be generated, encountered, and released from judgment.