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Influence of watchkeeping experience on workload during ship manoeuvring simulations
Ta-En Hung1, Jia-Hua Lin2, Chien-Chi Chang1
1Department of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC.
Ergonomics
|March 31, 2026
Summary
Maritime watchkeeping experience significantly impacts officer workload. Experienced officers exhibit lower perceived workload and more efficient visual search during complex navigation tasks, suggesting improved hazard assessment.
Area of Science:
- Maritime safety
- Human factors in navigation
- Occupational workload assessment
Background:
- Maritime watchkeeping is critical for safe navigation.
- Understanding the impact of experience on cognitive workload is essential.
- Simulated environments offer a controlled setting to study these effects.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate how maritime watchkeeping experience influences workload during simulated navigation.
- To compare workload responses between experienced and moderately experienced naval officers.
- To identify differences in visual search and physiological responses related to experience.
Main Methods:
- Utilized a full-mission bridge simulator for navigation tasks of varying complexity.
- Recruited naval officers divided into experienced and moderately experienced groups.
- Collected subjective (NASA-TLX scores), eye movement, and heart rate variability data.
Main Results:
- Experienced officers reported significantly lower workload increases (up to 84.4%) than moderately experienced officers (up to 127.0%).
- Eye-tracking revealed more efficient visual search strategies in experienced officers (shorter fixations, fewer revisits).
- Heart rate variability indicated experienced officers had stronger risk responses, potentially better hazard perception.
Conclusions:
- Maritime experience enhances workload management and visual efficiency in navigation.
- Combining subjective and objective measures provides a comprehensive workload evaluation.
- Findings can inform maritime training programs to improve watchkeeping performance and safety.
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