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Advances in Nanostructured Electrodes for Next-Generation Bioelectronic Interfaces.

Umapathi Krishnamoorthy1, Jayasheela M1

  • 1Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, KIT-Kalaignarkarunanidhi Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India.

Chemphyschem : a European Journal of Chemical Physics and Physical Chemistry
|March 31, 2026
PubMed
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Nanostructured electrodes (NSEs) offer advanced bioelectronic interfaces for neural, muscular, and cardiac applications. This review details their materials, applications, and challenges for next-generation medical devices.

Area of Science:

  • Bioelectronic Interfaces
  • Nanomaterials Science
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Nanostructured electrodes (NSEs) are crucial for advanced bioelectronic interfaces.
  • Their properties include high surface area, tunable conductivity, and mechanical compliance.
  • These enable seamless integration with biological tissues for enhanced signal fidelity and reduced impedance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive analysis of materials and design strategies for NSE fabrication.
  • To highlight applications in neural interfacing, cardiac mapping/pacing, muscle stimulation, and organ-on-chip models.
  • To address challenges and present emerging trends in bioelectronic interfaces.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on nanostructured electrode fabrication.
Keywords:
bidirectional neural interfacesbiocompatible nanomaterialscardiac mapping and pacingmuscle stimulation electrodesnanostructured electrodes

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  • Analysis of materials including carbon nanomaterials, metallic nanostructures, and conductive polymers.
  • Synthesis of advancements, limitations, and future directions in the field.

    • Main Results:

    • Detailed examination of various NSE materials and fabrication techniques.
    • Exploration of applications across neural, cardiac, muscular, and organ-on-chip systems.
    • Identification of key challenges: biocompatibility, durability, and long-term functionality.

    Conclusions:

    • Emerging trends focus on soft, wireless, and adaptive electrode systems.
    • NSEs are pivotal for redefining clinical neuro-engineering and personalized medicine.
    • This review serves as a foundational resource for developing next-generation bio-interfaces.