Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Facial Feedback Hypothesis01:24

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

857
Charles Darwin proposed that facial expressions are an evolutionary adaptation for communication. He argued that these expressions are not influenced by culture but are universal across species. For example, a snarling expression with exposed teeth signals a threat in many animals, including humans. Darwin also suggested that displaying an emotion can intensify the feeling. Smiling, for example, could enhance one's sense of happiness. This idea laid the foundation for understanding the role...
857
Factors Affecting Perception01:25

Factors Affecting Perception

3.1K
Perception is influenced by perceptual set, context, motivation, and emotion. Perceptual set, or perceptual expectancy, refers to the tendency to perceive things in a particular way, influenced by previous experiences and expectations. This phenomenon affects the interpretation of stimuli, creating a set of mental tendencies and assumptions that impact sensory perceptions of sound, taste, touch, and sight.
An illustrative example of a perceptual set is the scenario where an airline pilot told...
3.1K
Actor-Observer Effect01:23

Actor-Observer Effect

509
The actor-observer effect, a cognitive bias closely linked to the fundamental attribution error, refers to the tendency for individuals to attribute their behavior to external, situational factors while explaining others’ behavior in terms of internal, dispositional traits. This asymmetry in attribution significantly influences social perception and judgment.Cognitive Mechanisms Behind the EffectTwo primary psychological mechanisms contribute to the actor-observer effect: differences in...
509
Empathy02:34

Empathy

10.2K
Some researchers suggest that altruism operates on empathy. Empathy is the capacity to understand another person’s perspective, to feel what he or she feels. An empathetic person makes an emotional connection with others and feels compelled to help (Batson, 1991). Empathy can be expressed in several ways, including cognitive, affective, and motor. 
10.2K
Cognitive Theories: Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion01:20

Cognitive Theories: Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion

2.4K
Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer proposed the two-factor theory of emotion, which emphasizes the interplay between physiological arousal and cognitive labeling in forming emotional experiences. This theory suggests that emotions are not simply a result of physiological responses but rather a combination of these responses and the individual's cognitive interpretation of them.
Physiological Arousal and Cognitive Labeling
According to this theory, when an individual experiences...
2.4K
Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

10.5K
Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
10.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Modulation of perceived time caused by stimulus clarity in object recognition.

Attention, perception & psychophysics·2026
Same author

Material discrimination relies on context-dependent active sensing strategies.

Journal of vision·2026
Same author

Support-receiving networks and the isolation in schizophrenia: A preliminary study toward recovery-oriented occupational therapy.

The British journal of occupational therapy·2026
Same author

Pupillary responses to the glare illusion in normal pressure hydrocephalus: insights into network dysfunction and neurodegenerative comorbidities.

Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology·2026
Same author

Aftereffects of variance in the perception of facial expressions in crowds.

Vision research·2025
Same author

Acute stress suppresses hunger-driven food seeking through PVN activation: Reversal by anxiolytic drug and ghrelin receptor agonist, with anxiolytic-like effects of refeeding.

Neuroscience research·2025
Same journal

Blurred lines or clear boundaries? Synchrony and social dominance shape domain-specific self-other processing.

Cognition·2026
Same journal

Knowability predicts curiosity and learning.

Cognition·2026
Same journal

Throwing good effort after bad: Evidence for a sunk-cost effect in cognitive effort-based decision-making.

Cognition·2026
Same journal

Cross-linguistic differences in incremental planning under uncertainty.

Cognition·2026
Same journal

Sensory attenuation scales with the strength of action-outcome coupling: A psychophysical study.

Cognition·2026
Same journal

Children's narrow learning bottleneck accelerates the emergence of statistical properties of language.

Cognition·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 2, 2026

Conscious and Non-conscious Representations of Emotional Faces in Asperger's Syndrome
08:31

Conscious and Non-conscious Representations of Emotional Faces in Asperger's Syndrome

Published on: July 31, 2016

14.8K

Enhanced emotion perception for faces behind the observer.

Hideki Tamura1, Yugo Kobayashi1, Shigeki Nakauchi1

  • 1Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Japan.

Cognition
|March 31, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Facial expression recognition is enhanced for faces behind observers, especially negative emotions like anger and fear. This effect is stronger when participants turn to view the face, suggesting a spatial bias in processing emotional cues.

Keywords:
AngryEgocentric spatial positionFacial expression recognitionFearfulHappyVirtual environment

More Related Videos

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Memory-Enhancing Effect of Emotion
15:57

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Memory-Enhancing Effect of Emotion

Published on: May 4, 2011

17.3K
Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects
07:36

Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects

Published on: November 30, 2018

16.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 2, 2026

Conscious and Non-conscious Representations of Emotional Faces in Asperger's Syndrome
08:31

Conscious and Non-conscious Representations of Emotional Faces in Asperger's Syndrome

Published on: July 31, 2016

14.8K
Brain Imaging Investigation of the Memory-Enhancing Effect of Emotion
15:57

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Memory-Enhancing Effect of Emotion

Published on: May 4, 2011

17.3K
Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects
07:36

Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects

Published on: November 30, 2018

16.6K

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Human-Computer Interaction

Background:

  • Facial expressions are crucial for social communication, conveying emotional states.
  • Most research focuses on frontal face perception, neglecting real-world egocentric spatial positions.
  • Understanding how spatial position affects emotion recognition is vital for realistic human-computer interaction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of egocentric spatial position on facial expression recognition.
  • To determine if faces perceived from behind are recognized differently compared to frontal faces.
  • To explore the influence of observer turning and specific emotion types (anger, happiness, fear) on this effect.

Main Methods:

  • Four experiments were conducted in a virtual reality environment.
  • Participants judged facial expressions (angry, happy, fearful) presented in front or behind them.
  • Methods included physical turning and using a virtual hand mirror to control for viewing angle and position.

Main Results:

  • Faces presented behind participants were perceived as more intense than those in front.
  • Recognition enhancement for angry and fearful faces behind was independent of turning.
  • Happy face enhancement behind was observed only when participants turned to view them.

Conclusions:

  • Facial expression recognition is significantly modulated by egocentric spatial position.
  • A bias exists for enhanced recognition of negative emotional expressions located behind the observer.
  • This suggests a spatially tuned perceptual mechanism prioritizing emotionally salient signals in peripheral or posterior space.