Systemic review of commonly used hyperuricemia models: From bench to preclinical studies

Reliable hyperuricemia models are fundamental for investigating disease mechanisms and evaluating pharmaceuticals as well as food-derived bioactive compounds with therapeutic potential. A variety of experimental models have been established, ranging from chemical method models targeting xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibition, computer simulation models, in vitro cell models, organoid models, and in vivo animal models. Each model provides unique advantages but also presents inherent limitations regarding their translational relevance to human hyperuricemia. This review systematically summarizes the construction principles, applications, and challenges of commonly used hyperuricemia models, highlighting their scientific and preclinical value. Furthermore, it compares the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches and outlines future perspectives for developing more physiologically relevant models. These insights aim to guide the selection and optimization of hyperuricemia models for advancing research and supporting the screening of functional food factors and therapeutic strategies.