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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Materials Science
    • Computer Science

    Background:

    • Single-layer diffractive optical elements (DOEs) have limitations in viewing angle and resolution for anti-counterfeiting.
    • Conventional DOEs struggle to provide high-quality three-dimensional (3D) visual effects.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose an optimized binary DOE scheme for enhanced 3D visual effects in anti-counterfeiting.
    • To improve visual quality and security without increasing fabrication complexity.

    Main Methods:

    • Dividing the DOE into multiple sub-DOEs (SDOEs), each for an independent viewing angle.
    • Utilizing a modified iterative Fourier transform algorithm (M-IFTA) for phase-only SDOE optimization.
    • Implementing a variable-scale diffraction model with spatial frequency tunable method (SFTM), incorporating Soft Quantization (SQ) and zero-padding.

    Main Results:

    • Demonstrated a DOE with a 36° × 36° angular sampling range and 19 × 19 views.
    • Each SDOE achieved a view resolution of 900 × 900.
    • Zero-padding enabled continuous parallax, realistic 3D perception, and enhanced reconstruction accuracy.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed optimized binary DOE scheme significantly enhances 3D visual performance of two-level DOEs.
    • This approach maintains low fabrication complexity, offering a promising solution for anti-counterfeiting.
    • The technology provides efficient, low-cost, and high-security holographic anti-counterfeiting applications.