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    Summary

    We developed a novel modulation-layer encryption for high-throughput optical systems using Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) with counter (CTR) mode. This method ensures secure data transmission without impacting system performance or signal quality.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optical communication systems
    • Cryptography
    • Digital signal processing

    Background:

    • High-throughput coherent optical systems require robust security measures.
    • Existing encryption methods can introduce latency or performance penalties.
    • Modulation domain encryption offers a potential solution for secure optical networks.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose and evaluate a novel modulation-layer encryption scheme for high-throughput coherent optical systems.
    • To extend the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) with counter (CTR) mode into a symbol-block cipher operating in the modulation domain.
    • To assess the performance impact and compatibility of this encryption scheme with standard coherent digital signal processing (DSP).

    Main Methods:

    • Developed a symbol-block cipher by mapping AES keystream bits to per-symbol phase shifts.
    • Preserved constellation amplitude to ensure compatibility with standard coherent DSP.
    • Analyzed independent- and shared-key strategies for multi-subcarrier transmission.
    • Conducted simulations for 100-Gsymbol/s DP-4QAM and experiments for 96-Gsymbol/s two-subcarrier transmission over 10 ROADM nodes.

    Main Results:

    • Simulations showed no optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) penalty at the forward error correction threshold for 100-Gsymbol/s DP-4QAM.
    • Experiments confirmed no measurable Q² penalty in 96-Gsymbol/s two-subcarrier transmission over 10 ROADM nodes.
    • The proposed AES-CTR symbol-block encryption demonstrated negligible performance impact.

    Conclusions:

    • The AES-CTR symbol-block encryption scheme is effective for high-throughput coherent optical systems.
    • This method provides scalable modulation-layer encryption with minimal impact on signal quality.
    • The approach is compatible with existing coherent DSP techniques and network infrastructure.