SUMOylation networks drive glioblastoma stemness, microenvironmental remodeling, and resistance

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive primary brain tumor, characterized by poor prognosis, high intratumoral heterogeneity, and pronounced therapy resistance, primarily driven by glioma stem cells (GSCs). SUMOylation, a reversible post-translational modification, has emerged as a critical regulator of GBM progression and therapeutic response. By modifying transcription factors, SUMOylation enhances oncogenic transcriptional programs, contributing to chemoresistance and retinoid resistance. RNA-binding proteins are also affected, influencing exosomal microRNA sorting, invasion, and vasculogenic mimicry. Additionally, SUMOylation of metabolic and cell cycle regulators supports glycolysis, proliferation, and GSC maintenance, highlighting its role in metabolic rewiring. Dysregulation of tumor suppressors through small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO)-mediated mechanisms, such as SENP1-dependent deSUMOylation of HIF-1α and β-catenin, promotes stemness and immune evasion. SUMOylation further intersects with angiogenesis, immune regulation, and epigenetic modifiers, including histone deacetylases and zeste homolog 2, shaping tumor plasticity and therapy resistance. Preclinical studies indicate that pharmacological inhibition of SUMOylation with agents like TAK-981, topotecan, or Paromomycin reduces tumor growth, reverses therapy resistance, and enhances radiosensitivity. Moreover, SUMO-related enzymes, such as UBA2, SENP1, and SUMO2/3, may serve as prognostic biomarkers. Understanding SUMOylation in GBM offers insights into tumor biology and identifies potential therapeutic targets to improve patient outcomes.