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Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that targets the lungs, specifically the alveoli. These tiny air sacs, essential for oxygen exchange, become engorged with pus and fluid, severely hindering breathing, decreasing oxygen absorption, and causing significant pain and discomfort during respiration.
Risk Factors
Various factors influence the likelihood of developing pneumonia. Age plays a crucial role, with infants, children under two, and individuals over 65 at increased risk due to their...

Pneumonia III: Complications and Assessment

Pneumonia III: Complications and Assessment

Pneumonia poses the potential for numerous complications that warrant consideration. These complications include the following:

Pneumothorax-I

Pneumothorax-I

A pneumothorax is a condition where air builds up in the space between the lung and the chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. This condition arises when air enters the space between the parietal and visceral pleura, disrupting the negative pressure essential for lung inflation. This can lead to a partial or complete collapse of the lung.
Pneumothorax can be even further classified as spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax.

Pneumothorax-II

Pneumothorax-II

Pneumothorax is a medical condition defined by the buildup of air in the pleural space between the lungs and the chest wall. This accumulation of air can lead to partial or complete lung collapse, resulting in a range of clinical manifestations. Understanding the clinical presentation and effective management strategies is crucial for healthcare professionals in providing timely and appropriate care to individuals with pneumothorax.
Clinical Manifestations:

Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology

Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology

Pneumothorax means the presence of air in the pleural space — the thin potential gap between the visceral and parietal pleura. This condition disrupts the normal pressure balance that keeps the lungs inflated, leading to partial or complete collapse of the affected lung.Normal physiologyUnder normal conditions, the pleural space maintains a slightly negative intrapleural pressure, which keeps the lungs expanded against the chest wall. This negative pressure creates a delicate balance between...

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an infection of the lower respiratory tract that leads to inflammation of the lung parenchyma, often resulting in the accumulation of inflammatory exudate in the alveoli and airways. Unlike the watery, low-protein fluid exudate in pulmonary edema, the exudate in this case is a thick fluid rich in immune cells, proteins, and debris produced during infection and inflammation.This impairs gas exchange and can lead to consolidation of lung tissue. The infection may be caused by a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Lung CT Segmentation to Identify Consolidations and Ground Glass Areas for Quantitative Assesment of SARS-CoV Pneumonia

Lung CT Segmentation to Identify Consolidations and Ground Glass Areas for Quantitative Assesment of SARS-CoV Pneumonia

Published on: December 19, 2020

Pneumothorax in COVID-19: A Negative Prognostic Indicator for In-hospital Mortality.

Cynthia J Susai¹, Yun-Yi Hung², Katemanee Burapachaisri³

¹Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco- East Bay, Oakland, California; Department of Surgery, Kaiser Permanente Oakland Medical Center, Oakland, California.

The Journal of Surgical Research

|April 1, 2026

Summary

Pneumothorax in COVID-19 patients significantly increases mortality risk. Intervention for pneumothorax improves survival, though specific methods like large bore tubes may warrant further study for optimal outcomes.

Keywords:

Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19)Pigtail catheter Pneumothorax Thoracostomy tube

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Lung CT Segmentation to Identify Consolidations and Ground Glass Areas for Quantitative Assesment of SARS-CoV Pneumonia

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Published on: May 26, 2023

Area of Science:

Pulmonary Medicine
Infectious Diseases
Critical Care Medicine

Background:

Pneumothorax (PTX) is a known complication in Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) patients.
The prognostic impact of PTX and its interventions in COVID-19 requires further elucidation.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare mortality rates among COVID-19 patients with no PTX, PTX without intervention, and PTX requiring intervention.
To investigate if PTX size or intervention method influences prognosis in COVID-19 patients.

Main Methods:

Retrospective analysis of 38,107 adult COVID-19 patients hospitalized between January 2020 and December 2022.
Patients were categorized into no PTX, PTX without intervention (PTX_O), and PTX with intervention (PTX_I).
Multivariable logistic regression and propensity score analysis were used to assess mortality predictors and intervention effectiveness.

Main Results:

The incidence of PTX was 1.2%. PTX_I patients had the highest length of stay, ICU admission, and in-hospital mortality rates (68.5%).
PTX was an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality (aOR 3.86). Small pneumothoraces were linked to worse outcomes.
Intervention for PTX was associated with lower mortality compared to no intervention (P < 0.01), but large bore tube placement (>20 Fr) correlated with higher mortality (aOR 1.96).

Conclusions:

Pneumothorax is a significant negative prognostic indicator in COVID-19, associated with increased mortality.
Intervention for pneumothorax in COVID-19 patients is linked to improved in-hospital survival.
Further research is needed on specific intervention types for COVID-19 PTX, particularly concerning large bore tubes.