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Differences in Prokaryotic Community Composition Between Two Climatically Contrasting Years in an Arctic Fjord

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Arctic microbial communities in Kongsfjorden showed distinct dynamics between 2019 and 2020. Greater Atlantic water influence in 2019 led to higher prokaryotic diversity, while 2020’s colder conditions resulted in more stratified communities.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Marine microbiology
  • Arctic ecology
  • Oceanography

Background:

  • Kongsfjorden's ecosystem is influenced by Atlantic water and glacier melt.
  • Prokaryotic communities are key players in Arctic marine food webs.
  • Environmental conditions in the Arctic are rapidly changing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare prokaryotic community dynamics in Kongsfjorden during spring and summer of 2019 and 2020.
  • To investigate the impact of varying hydrographic conditions and bloom events on microbial communities.
  • To understand the ecological stability of Arctic microbial communities under environmental change.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of prokaryotic communities across two contrasting years (2019 and 2020).
  • Assessment of hydrographic data, including water temperature, nutrients, and sea ice extent.
  • Phytoplankton bloom monitoring and characterization (e.g., Phaeocystis pouchetii, diatoms).
  • Prokaryotic diversity and community composition analysis using molecular techniques.
  • Network analysis to explore microbial interactions.

Main Results:

  • Spring 2019 showed warmer temperatures and higher nutrients, supporting a Phaeocystis pouchetii bloom.
  • Spring 2020 was colder with extensive sea ice, leading to a diatom-to-P. pouchetii bloom succession.
  • Summer waters were influenced by glacier runoff, with low-biomass, flagellate-dominated phytoplankton.
  • Prokaryotic diversity was higher in 2019, especially in surface waters, with more interactions observed.
  • Community composition differed significantly: 2019 had vertically homogeneous communities with high cyanobacterial abundance, while 2020 showed vertically heterogeneous, potentially locally adapted communities.
  • Atlantic water influence correlated with higher diversity in 2019, contrasting with stratified Arctic conditions in 2020.

Conclusions:

  • Arctic microbial communities exhibit high sensitivity to shifts in hydrography and bloom dynamics.
  • Environmental variability, particularly Atlantic water inflow versus sea ice extent, strongly shapes prokaryotic community structure and diversity.
  • Findings provide insights into the ecological stability and resilience of Arctic marine ecosystems facing climate change.