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Sex-specific neurodevelopmental pathways to depressive symptoms.

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Early childhood neurodevelopment shows sex-specific patterns linked to adolescent depression. Understanding these sex-specific brain changes in children can help target interventions for depression more effectively.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Sex differences in adolescent depression prevalence are well-documented.
  • Sex-specific neurodevelopmental endophenotypes for depression may emerge in childhood.
  • Early identification of these pathways is crucial for timely intervention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate sex-specific neurodevelopmental trajectories in childhood.
  • To examine the association between childhood structure-function coupling (SC-FC) and adolescent depressive symptoms.
  • To determine if sex-specific models better explain these associations.

Main Methods:

  • Longitudinal multi-modal neuroimaging data collected at ages 4.5, 6.0, and 7.5 years.
  • Neurodevelopment measured by structure-function coupling (SC-FC) in 114 cortical regions.
  • Depressive symptoms assessed at age 13 using Child Depression Inventory (CDI), Youth Self Report (YSR), and Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children.
  • Partial least squares correlation used to link brain data and depressive symptoms.

Main Results:

  • Females reported significantly higher depressive symptoms than males at age 13.
  • Whole cortex SC-FC exhibited sex-specific trajectories during childhood.
  • Females showed a steeper decrease in SC-FC from ages 4.5 to 6.0 compared to males.
  • Sex-specific models significantly improved prediction of adolescent depressive symptoms.

Conclusions:

  • Evidence supports sex-specific neurodevelopmental pathways contributing to adolescent depression.
  • Childhood SC-FC patterns differ between sexes and are associated with later depressive symptoms.
  • Findings can inform the timing and targeting of interventions for childhood depression.