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Related Concept Videos

Meiosis I01:49

Meiosis I

Meiosis is a carefully orchestrated set of cell divisions, the goal of which—in humans—is to produce haploid sperm or eggs, each containing half the number of chromosomes present in somatic cells elsewhere in the body. Meiosis I is the first such division, and involves several key steps, among them: condensation of replicated chromosomes in diploid cells; the pairing of homologous chromosomes and their exchange of information; and finally, the separation of homologous chromosomes by a...
Meiosis II01:57

Meiosis II

Meiosis II is the second and final stage of meiosis. It relies on the haploid cells produced during meiosis I, each of which contain only 23 chromosomes—one from each homologous initial pair. Importantly, each chromosome in these cells is composed of two joined copies, and when these cells enter meiosis II, the goal is to separate such sister chromatids using the same microtubule-based network employed in other division processes. The result of meiosis II is two haploid cells, each containing...
Lampbrush Chromosomes01:51

Lampbrush Chromosomes

In 1882, Flemming observed lampbrush chromosomes (LBC) in salamander eggs. Later in 1892, Rückert observed LBCs in shark egg cells and coined the term "lampbrush chromosomes" because they looked like brushes used to clean kerosene lamps.
LBCs are made up of two pairs of conjugating homologous chromatids. Each chromatid consists of alternatively positioned regions of condensed-inactive chromatin and loosely placed-active side loops, which can be contracted and extended. The loops resemble the...
Microtubules in Cell Motility01:24

Microtubules in Cell Motility

Microtubules are thick hollow cylindrical proteins that help form the cytoskeleton. Microtubules have varied roles in the cell. These filaments help form cellular appendages like cilia and flagella, which are responsible for locomotion. The cilia arise from basal bodies, separated from the main body by a membrane-like structure forming the transition zone. This zone is the gate for the entry of lipids and proteins, creating a unique composition of lipids and proteins in the ciliary membrane and...
Microtubule Instability02:17

Microtubule Instability

Microtubules are hollow cylindrical filaments having a diameter of approximately 25 nm and a length that varies from 200 nm to 25 μm. GTP-bound tubulin subunits form αβ-heterodimers for microtubule assembly. These core building blocks interact longitudinally, polymerizing into protofilaments. The protofilaments then interact with one another through lateral bonding forces to form stable cylindrical microtubules. These cylindrical filaments are dynamic as they undergo repeated assembly and...
Meiosis II02:02

Meiosis II

Meiosis II entails cell division and segregation of the sister chromatids, resulting in the production of four unique haploid gametes. The steps for meiosis II are similar to mitosis, except that meiosis II occurs in haploid cells, whereas mitosis occurs in diploid cells.
The timing and cell division patterns of meiosis differ between males and females. In male meiosis, the centrosomes are part of the formation of the meiotic spindle. However, in oocytes, including that of humans, Drosophila,...

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Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assay for Tissue-specific Genes using Early-stage Mouse Embryos
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Mitonuclear dynamics in unisexual vertebrates.

Randy L Klabacka1,2, Geoffrey E Hill3, Damian K Dowling4

  • 1Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA.

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
|April 2, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Unisexual vertebrates offer insights into mitochondrial evolution due to their unique hybrid and clonal nature. Their mitonuclear incompatibilities may limit lineage longevity, suggesting a

Keywords:
asexual reproductionmitochondrial functionmitonuclear incompatibilityunisexualvertebrates

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Genetics
  • Mitochondrial genomics

Background:

  • Sex and mitochondria are closely linked, complicated by mitochondria's uniparental inheritance and sexual reproduction's biparental inheritance.
  • Unisexual vertebrate lineages, arising from hybridization and asexual reproduction, provide a model to study mitochondrial evolution without sex-related confounding factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore mitonuclear genomic interactions in unisexual vertebrates.
  • To understand the implications of these interactions on mitochondrial function, organismal performance, and fitness.
  • To propose the 'Mitonuclear Erosion Hypothesis' explaining potential lineage limitations.

Main Methods:

  • Reviewing existing literature and proposing multidisciplinary strategies.
  • Disentangling the effects of clonality and hybridity.
  • Quantifying contributions to mitochondrial function, organismal performance, and fitness.

Main Results:

  • Unisexual vertebrates present a distinct genetic environment shaped by hybridity and clonality.
  • Mitonuclear incompatibilities may arise from hybridity or clonality.
  • These incompatibilities could increase extinction probability over time.

Conclusions:

  • Unisexual vertebrates may be restricted to younger lineages due to mitonuclear incompatibilities.
  • The 'Mitonuclear Erosion Hypothesis' suggests a mechanism for extinction in these lineages.
  • Further research is needed to disentangle clonality and hybridity effects on mitochondrial dynamics and fitness.