Bioimpedance-based evaluation of relative leaf age in mango twigs using electrical impedance spectroscopy

This study proposes a non-destructive method for estimating the relative age of mango leaves using electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and a modified double-shell equivalent circuit model. Impedance measurements were conducted on six mango varieties using five leaves per variety representing different positions along the twig. The Nyquist plots showed increasing circular arc diameters with leaf position, indicating higher charge transfer resistance in older leaves. Fitting results revealed that R1 increased while C1 decreased systematically with leaf age. Spearman correlation analysis confirmed a strong positive correlation between R1 and leaf position and a strong negative correlation for C1, whereas n1 showed no significant relationship. Linear regression yielded high coefficients of determination for most varieties. The selection of R1 and C1 as electrical indicators was supported by their low fitting errors, strong correlations, and consistent regression performance. These results demonstrate that EIS provides a rapid and reliable non-destructive approach for assessing the physiological age of mango leaves.