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Obesity01:24

Obesity

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The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a numerical value derived from a person's weight and height, used to categorize individuals into weight ranges. It is calculated using the formula: weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Obesity is a health condition characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue that poses health risks, often diagnosed with a BMI ≥ 30. This excess fat storage occurs when surplus dietary calories are converted into triglycerides and stored in...
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Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Absorption and Distribution01:25

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Obesity significantly alters the pharmacokinetic processes of drug absorption and distribution, presenting unique challenges in medical treatment. The increased fat tissue and decreased lean muscle in obese individuals can significantly affect how drugs are absorbed into the body and distributed across different tissues. This alteration can lead to variances in the effectiveness and safety of medications, necessitating adjustments in dosing or drug selection for obese patients.One notable...
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Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets01:29

Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets

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Advances in genomics have profoundly influenced drug discovery by increasing both the speed and accuracy of pharmaceutical development. Pharmacogenomics, which examines how genetic variation influences drug response, facilitates the identification of novel therapeutic targets and enables patient stratification for personalized treatment. These strategies contribute to improved drug efficacy, minimized adverse effects, and more efficient clinical trial design.Mapping genetic differences...
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Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase01:11

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Genetic polymorphisms in drug targets have emerged as critical determinants of interindividual variability in drug response and toxicity. Pharmacogenomic investigations increasingly focus on identifying these variations to personalize and optimize therapeutic interventions. A drug target may be a receptor, enzyme, or signaling protein involved in pharmacologic responses or disease-related pathways. While early pharmacogenetic studies focused primarily on drug metabolism, current research...
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Drug Dosing: Obese Patients01:21

Drug Dosing: Obese Patients

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In the United States, obesity is a prominent concern. It is linked to heightened mortality rates due to increased occurrences of conditions such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and diabetes compared to nonobese individuals. A patient is classified as obese if their actual body weight surpasses the ideal or desirable body weight by 20%, based on Metropolitan Life Insurance Company data. Ideal body weights consider average weights and heights for males and females...
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Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Metabolism and Excretion01:20

Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Metabolism and Excretion

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Drug metabolism, a critical process in the liver, involves two primary phases: Phase I reactions and Phase II conjugation. Obesity introduces significant alterations in this metabolic process, primarily due to fatty infiltration of the liver, leading to conditions such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This condition can modify the activities of both Phase I and II enzymes, impacting how drugs are metabolized in obese patients.Phase I metabolism sees variable effects across...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 3, 2026

Mechanism of Regulation of Adipocyte Numbers in Adult Organisms Through Differentiation and Apoptosis Homeostasis
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ADIPOQ Genotypes, Adiponectin Isoforms, and Hypertension Risk in Pediatric Obesity.

Huemara Yuri Almeida1, Warlley Rosa Cunha2, Carla Márcia Moreira Lanna3

  • 1School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil.

Archives of Medical Research
|April 2, 2026
PubMed
Summary

ADIPOQ gene variants significantly impact high molecular weight adiponectin (HMW APN) levels and hypertension risk in obese children. These findings suggest potential early biomarkers for cardiometabolic risk.

Keywords:
ADIPOQAdiponectinChildhood obesityGenetic polymorphismsHaplotypes hypertension

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics and Molecular Biology
  • Pediatric Endocrinology
  • Cardiovascular Health

Background:

  • Adiponectin (APN), particularly its high molecular weight (HMW) isoform, plays a crucial role in metabolic regulation and cardiovascular protection.
  • Genetic variations in the ADIPOQ gene, such as rs.266729 and rs.1501299, are implicated in influencing APN levels and are linked to obesity-related hypertension.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of ADIPOQ polymorphisms on plasma levels of total APN, HMW APN, and the HMW/APN ratio.
  • To assess the association between these ADIPOQ polymorphisms and hypertension risk in a pediatric population with obesity.

Main Methods:

  • A study involving 297 participants aged 5-18 years, including healthy controls, normotensive obese children, and obese children with hypertension.
  • Plasma APN and HMW levels were quantified using ELISA, and genotyping for ADIPOQ variants (rs.266729 and rs.1501299) was performed.
  • Multivariate regression and haplotype analyses were employed to evaluate associations with phenotypic traits and hypertension risk.

Main Results:

  • The CG genotype of rs.266729 was linked to reduced HMW levels and HMW/APN ratio.
  • The GT genotype of rs.1501299 was associated with elevated HMW levels and HMW/APN ratio, and showed a trend towards lower hypertension risk.
  • Specific ADIPOQ haplotypes ('G,G' and 'C,G') demonstrated significant associations with APN/HMW levels and hypertension risk.

Conclusions:

  • ADIPOQ gene polymorphisms and haplotypes significantly influence HMW adiponectin levels in obese children and adolescents.
  • These genetic factors play a role in modulating hypertension risk within this pediatric population.
  • The findings highlight the potential of ADIPOQ variants as early biomarkers for identifying cardiometabolic risk in children with obesity.